Friday, February 6, 2009

For the Category of Crisis Management:


For the Category of Crisis Management:
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The 1966 Crisis

The 1966 Crisis

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A deep political crisis arose in Uganda in the early part of 1966. The events surrounding this crisis culminated in the Uganda Army attacking the palace of the king of Buganda, the late Kabaka Fredrick Walugembe Muteesa II (affectionately known as King Freddie) on May 24th. The army was intent on capturing and killing King Freddie. After a day long battle in which the army deployed tanks and heavy artillery, it became evident that the Kabaka and his defenders with their small arms could not hold the palace against the attacking force. Fortunately, the Kabaka was able to elude capture and with the help of several loyal supporters was able to escape into exile. For the first time in Uganda's short history, the state had deliberately and systematically turned its guns on its own people. This attempt to destroy the Buganda kingdom and the culture of its people was truly momentous in the country's history.

Here is some background information that will help put the crisis in context. Prior to the 1962 elections, the main political parties in pre-independence Uganda were the Democratic Party (DP) and the Uganda People's Congress (UPC). The UPC itself was born of a coalition of smaller parties that came together under the leadership of Apollo Milton Obote. The Kabaka Yekka (KY) party was hurriedly formed shortly before the elections mainly as a political movement to advance the interests of the Buganda Kingdom in the emerging new nation of Uganda. A political alliance was formed between UPC and KY at the time of the 1962 elections to defeat DP. After the elections, UPC and KY formed a coalition government and Obote, head of UPC became the Prime Minister. A year later, Obote nominated the Kabaka of Buganda to serve in the largely ceremonial position of President of Uganda and parliament concurred. This political marriage of convenience quickly soured however in 1964 when Obote championed a parliamentary bill providing for a referendum in the Buganda counties of Buyaga and Bugangazzi, which led to those counties seceding from Buganda and reverting to Bunyoro.

The relationship between UPC and KY was never smooth after that. Naturally, Obote feared that his support in the Buganda region was eroding. He ordered the security forces to react with maximum force to any perceived sign of opposition. This new policy was starkly demonstrated on November 10, 1964 following a minor domestic scuffle at Nakulabye on the outskirts of Kampala. Thinking it was an anti-government riot, the police went on a rampage that covered a radius of up to three miles from the scene of the original incident. Six people were shot dead by police including two school children. Three were shot point-blank inside their own homes. The incident was investigated by Chris Kantinti, a senior margistrate whose report concluded that the people had been the victims of a deliberate, violent and unprovoked attack by armed policemen. Despite the official government condemnation of the incident, the officer in charge of the operation was later promoted to regional commander for the Eastern region.

Meanwhile, some divisions had developed within the ranks of UPC. Some prominent party members accused Obote of having dictatorial tendencies, and of fostering tribal rivalries within UPC and the national army. Obote's position as head of the UPC had become tenuous and it was apparent that he would face a formidable challenge at the party's Delegates' Conference due to be held before the next national elections in 1967. Obote was anxious to forestall any opposition.

Another problem bedevilling the country at the time was the widespread corruption at various levels of government, so much so that Obote himself was personally implicated. He was alleged to have been involved in the smuggling of gold, ivory and coffee from Zaire (then Congo Kinshasa) with the collaboration of Col. Amin. On February 4, 1966; Mr. Daudi Ochieng, a KY member of parliament, introduced a bill calling for a commission of inquiry into these activities and the suspension of Col. Amin until such inquiry was completed. Obote's response and retribution came on February 22, when he had five of his cabinet ministers (Ibingira, Magezi, Lumu, Kirya and Ngobi) arrested during a cabinet meeting and held without trial; suspended the constitution, and assumed all executive powers. Needless to say, all this was a direct violation of the constitution. On February 26, rather than suspend him, Obote appointed Amin as his army commander. On March 3, Obote dismissed the President and Vice- President and assumed the functions of the presidency. On April 15, the constitution was abrogated formally during a parliamentary session in which Obote was surrounded by troops and a 'Revolutionary' constitution was adopted by MPs who had not even seen it beforehand let alone debated its contents. This constitution later came to be known as the 'pigeon-hole' constitution.

The creeping coup had thus reached its zenith. Obote, now with the support of the senior ranks of the army saw himself as the only power in the land and he would brook no opposition. Any pretense at democracy was snuffed out throughout Uganda. The Buganda Kingdom was one of the few political institutions left that could speak out against this undemocratic turn of events. The crisis came to a head in May when on the 19th, the Buganda Lukiiko (regional parliament) passed a resolution requesting the government of Uganda to depart from Buganda soil. This was Buganda's response to the abrogation of the constitution that formed the basis on which Uganda had become independent. Obote seized the opportunity to crash Buganda. On May 24th, under the command of Col. Amin, the Uganda Army staged a bloody attack on the palace of the Kabaka of Buganda on Obote's orders ostensibly to forestall a coup. Security forces were deployed in Kampala and other areas of Buganda. The troops killed thousands of unarmed civilians and there was extensive looting, raping and torture by soldiers. Many royalists were arrested and imprisoned without trial and a state of emergency was declared in Buganda. The palace was set ablaze, and many centuries old cultural treasures were destroyed. All of this earned Obote the undying hostility of the people of Buganda who had always looked to the Kabaka as their leader and as a symbol of their ancient culture that stretched back over six centuries. The Kabaka had no army to resist Obote's putsch let alone stage a coup and he fled into exile in Britain where he died in suspicious circumstances three years later.

A judicial commission was set up to investigate the 'Gold Scandal' and Mr. Ochieng returned from an overseas trip to testify before the commission. Curiously, he took ill with "stomach pains" and was admitted to the government hospital at Mulago where he died on June 1, 1966 at the age of 41. The explanation of stomach pains leading to his death was not believed by most people.

In September 1967, Obote imposed a new 'Republican' constitution on the nation, and declared himself President without first calling an election. All kingdoms were abolished formally in the new constitution. Yet in a move typical of the man and intended to spite the Baganda, the abolition of The Kingdom of Buganda was made retroactive to May 24, 1966; unlike the other kingdoms whose abolition was effective with the coming into force of the 1967 constitution! The spirit of the 1967 constitution is captured in this quotation from article 118 which abolished the kingdoms: "No action may be instituted in any Court of law in respect of any matter or claim by any person under this article or under any provision made by Parliament pursuant thereto." Buganda's resilience however was clearly demonstrated when, after Obote was overthrown, the monarchy was restored by an Act of Parliament in 1993 and institutionalized in the new constitution of 1995.

The events of 1966 unleashed a repressive regime which in turn spawned an army coup in 1971 led by Amin. The killings and terror that were first perpetrated in Buganda in 1966 were now extended to other parts of Uganda. Since then, more than 1 million Ugandans are estimated to have lost their lives because of politically inspired violence perpetrated by the state or those revolting against the state. In retrospect, it is clear that the violent and unconstitutional system imposed on Uganda in 1966, which is symbolized by the events of May 24, 1966; was a watershed in our nation's history that needs to be remembered perpetually. A special prayer service to remember the victims of these tragic events was held on May 24, 1996. His Majesty Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II, the new Kabaka of Buganda, gave this talk at the service.

Thursday, February 5, 2009

economic crisis

human geneology since immemorial is well known and characterised by the dynamisms coming within and without the forces of nature,attributing the current hike of commodities to human factors is the best way to crush subjectivity and to pave way for objectivity,even without scrutnizing much by logic and consensus,could you pliz key the following site,www.crisisdotpeace.blogspot.com

The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace


The Ending of World War One, and the Legacy of Peace
Why did the flawed peace of Versailles trigger a greater and more terrible conflict? By Professor Martin Kitchen

Versailles and Peacemaking


Versailles and Peacemaking
How the question of whether to rehabilitate or punish Germany divided the Allies at the end of World War One. By Dr Ruth Henig.

World War One: Misrepresentation of a Conflict


World War One: Misrepresentation of a Conflict
Does the traditional tale of 'stupid generals, pointless attacks and universal death' give a fair picture of the war? By Dr Dan Todman

The Western Front: Lions Led by Donkeys?


The Western Front: Lions Led by Donkeys?
The representation of British generals as incompetent buffoons is a misleading caricature. By Dr Gary Sheffield

Life in The Trenches Virtual Tour


Life in The Trenches Virtual Tour
Reconstruction of a typical day in the trenches

World War One Trench Virtual Tour


World War One Trench Virtual Tour
See how a World War One trench network was laid out in this reconstruction.

The Human Face of War


The Human Face of War
Nine very different experiences of World War One, told by the people who experienced aspects of the conflict first hand

World War One Movies


World War One Movies
What was life - and death - like in the trenches? Six animated insights into the soldier's lot on the Western Front.

War and Revolution in Russia 1914 - 1921


War and Revolution in Russia 1914 - 1921
From the outbreak of World War One to the conclusion of Russia's vicious civil war. By Dr Jonathan Smele.

The German Front Experience


The German Front Experience
How did the German experience of trench warfare differ from that of the Allies? By Professor Martin Kitchen.

The Western Front, 1914 - 1918


Animated Map: The Western Front, 1914 - 1918
Follow the developing conflict along the 440-mile line of trenches, dug-outs and barbed-wire fences that stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea

The British Army from 1916-1918


From Disaster to Victory: The British Army from 1916-1918
It was on the killing fields of the Somme that the British army learned how to deliver the victory it achieved in 1918. By Dr Dan Todman.

Arms race


The arms race with Germany had spawned fresh invasion fears in Britain. How realistic were they? By Dan Cruickshank

The Origins of World War One


The Origins of World War One
Was the Great War a triumph of democracy over imperial expansion or an exercise in military futility? By Dr Gary Sheffield.

Pictures of World War II


Pictures of World War II

General Douglas MacArthur wades ashore during initial landings at Leyte, P.I., October, 1944.
Cropped from Select List number 150.
The Second World War was documented on a huge scale by thousands of photographers and artists who created millions of pictures. American military photographers representing all of the armed services covered the battlefronts around the world. Every activity of the war was depicted--training, combat, support services, and much more. On the home front, the many federal war agencies produced and collected pictures, posters, and cartoons on such subjects as war production, rationing, and civilian relocation.

The pictures described in this list are from the holdings of the Still Picture Branch (NNSP) of the National Archives and Records Administration. Most are from the records of the Army Signal Corps in Record Group (RG) 111, the Department of the Navy in RG 80, the Coast Guard in RG 26, the Marine Corps in RG 127, and the Office of War Information in RG 208. Others were selected from the records of 12 additional agencies. Most World War II Air Force photographs are not in the National Archives.

Pictures are listed by subject and campaign. Original captions are in quotation marks. Photographers, artists, locations, and dates, when known, are also included. This information is followed by identification numbers in italics.

At the end of this leaflet there are instructions for ordering complete sets of slides from this and other Select Audiovisual Records lists. To order individual prints, negatives, or slides from this list, write to the Still Picture Branch (NNSP) for a current price list and ordering information. With the exception of 11 pictures that are also in color (indicated by an asterisk following the identification number), all pictures in this list are available only in black and white. Inquiries about other World War II pictures that may be part of the National Archives' holdings should be made separately. Please list, as specifically as possible, names, dates, places, subjects, events, and other details. Please limit each request to three items.

Jonathan Heller researched, selected, and arranged the items for this list and wrote these introductory remarks.

World War II: Hunger winter

World War II: Hunger winter – In late 1944, the allied troops attempted to liberate Western Europe. As they reached The Netherlands, German resistance caused the liberation to be halted in Arnhem, as allied troops failed to occupy a bridge over the River Rhine. As the Dutch government in exile in Britain called for railway strikes, the Germans responded by putting embargo on food transport to the west. This resulted in what is now known as the Hunger Winter, causing an estimated 20,000-25,000 Dutch to starve to death. A number of factors caused the starvation: a harsh winter, fuel shortages, the ruin of agricultural land by bombings, floods, and the food transport embargo. Most people in the west lived off tulip bulbs and sugar beet. Official food rations were below 1000 cal per person per day. In May 1945 the Hunger Winter ended with the official liberation of the west of The Netherlands.

World War II: Gas Chambers


World War II: Gas Chambers – World War II was a worldwide conflict, fought between the Allies (Britain, France and the United States as its core countries) and the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy and Japan as its core countries). It started with the German invasion of Poland and Czechoslovakia in 1939, and ended with the liberation of Western Europe by the allies in 1945.

Between 1941 and 1945, over 1 million people were killed in the gas chambers of the extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau in Nazi Germany. Over 90% of the victims were Jews, and the other 10% consisted of Poles, Soviet prisoners of war and gypsies. The substance applied was Zyklon-B, a cyanide-based insecticide that is lethal to humans in large doses. It was stored as crystals in closed containers, but when exposed to air it released the lethal hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN). As Zyklon-B was poured into the gas chambers through small openings, it took only 10-15 minutes to kill all people inside.

The insecticide was supplied to Nazi Germany by two firms, Tesch-Stabenow and Degesh. After the war the firms claimed they were unaware of the application of the product to kill people in large numbers. However, it was later stated that the company had to have known, because they supplied enough substance to kill 2 million people, and additionally gave some advise on how to use the ventilating and heating equipment

Kosovo war


Kosovo war – The Kosovo war can be divided up in two separate parts: a conflict between Serbia and Kosovo, and a conflict between Kosovo and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). The first conflict originated in 1996 from the statement of Slobodan Milocevic that Kosovo was to remain a part of Serbia, and from the resulting violent response of Albanian residents. When Serbian troops slaughtered 45 Albanians in the village of Racak in Kosovo in 1999, the NATO intervened. NATO launched a 4-month bombing campaign upon Serbia as a reply to the massacre at Racak.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) investigated the environmental impact of the Kosovo war. It was concluded that the war did not result in an environmental disaster affecting the entire Balkan region. Nevertheless, some environmental hot spots were identified, namely Belgrade, Pancevo, Kragujevac, Novi Sad and Bor.

Bombings carried out by the United States resulted in leakages in oil refineries and oil storage depots. Industrial sites containing other industries were also targeted. EDC (1,2-dichloroethane), PCBs en mercury escaped to the environment. Burning of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) resulted in the formation of dioxin, hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide and PAHs, and oil burning released sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and PAHs into the air. Heavy clouds of black smoke forming over burning industrial targets caused black rain to fall on the area around Pancevo. Some damage was done to National Parks in Serbia by bombings, and therefore to biodiversity. EDC, mercury and petroleum products (e.g. PCBs) polluted the Danube River. These are present in the sediments and may resurface in due time. EDC is toxic to both terrestrial and aquatic life. Mercury may be converted into methyl mercury, which is very toxic and bio accumulates. As a measure to prevent the consequences of bombing, a fertilizer plant in Pancevo released liquid ammonia into the Danube River. This caused fish kills up to 30 kilometres downstream.

In 1999 when NATO bombed Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, the resulting environmental damage was enormous. Petrochemical plants in suburbs started leaking all kinds of hazardous chemicals into air, water and soil. Factories producing ammonia and plastics released chlorine, hydrochloric acid, vinyl chloride and other chlorine substances, resulting in local air pollution and health problems. Water sources were polluted by oil leaking from refineries. The Danube River was polluted by oil more severely, but this time hydrochloric acid and mercury compounds also ended up there. These remained in the water for a considering period of time and consequently ended up in neighbouring countries Rumania and Bulgaria.

Clean drinking water supplies and waste treatment plants were damaged by NATO bombings. Many people fled their houses and were moved to refugee camps, where the number of people grew rapidly. A lack of clean drinking water and sanitation problems occurred.

Like in the Gulf War, Depleted Uranium (DU) was applied in the Kosovo War to puncture tanks and other artillery. After the war, the United Kingdom assisted in the removal of DU residues from the environment. Veterans complained of health effects. It was acknowledged by the UK and the US that dusts from DU can be dangerous if inhaled. Inhalation of dust most likely results in chemical poisoning.

Wednesday, February 4, 2009

Vietnam war


Vietnam war – The Vietnam War started in 1945 and ended in 1975. It is now entitled a proxy war, fought during the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union to prevent the necessity for the nations to fight each other directly. North Vietnam fought side by side with the Soviet Union and China, and South Vietnam with the United States, New Zealand and South Korea. It must be noted that the United States only started to be actively involved in the battle after 1963. Between 1965 and 1968 North Vietnam was bombed under Operation Rolling Thunder, in order to force the enemy to negotiate. Bombs destroyed over two million acres of land. North Vietnam forces began to strike back, and the Soviet Union delivered anti-aircraft missiles to North Vietnam. The ground war of US troops against the Viet Cong began. The United States would not retreat from Vietnam until 1973, and during those years extremely environmentally damaging weapons and war tactics were applied.

A massive herbicidal programme was carried out, in order to break the forest cover sheltering Viet Cong guerrillas, and deprive Vietnamese peasants of food. The spraying destroyed 14% of Vietnam’s forests, diminished agricultural yield, and made seeds unfit for replanting. If agricultural yield was not damaged by herbicides, it was often lost because military on the ground set fire to haystacks, and soaked land with aviation fuel en burned it. A total of 15,000 square kilometres of land were eventually destroyed. Livestock was often shot, to deprive peasant of their entire food supply. A total of 13,000 livestock were killed during the war.

The application of 72 million litres of chemical spray resulted in the death of many animals, and caused health effects with humans. One chemical that was applied between 1962 and 1971, called Agent Orange, was particularly harmful. Its main constituent is dioxin, which was present in soil, water and vegetation during and after the war. Dioxin is carcinogenic and teratogenic, and has resulted in spontaneous abortions, chloracne, skin and lung cancers, lower intelligence and emotional problems among children. Children fathered by men exposed to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War often have congenital abnormalities. An estimated half a million children were born with dioxin-related abnormalities. Agent Orange continues to threaten the health of the Vietnamese today.

"Drafted to go to Vietnam
To fight communism in a foreign land.
To preserve democracy is my plight
Which is a God...Given...Right.
Greenery so thick with hidden enemies
Agent Orange is sprayed on the trees.
Covering me from head to toe
Irate my eyes, burns through my clothes.
Returned home when my tour was done
To be told "You have cancer, son".
Agent Orange is to blame
Government caused your suffering and pain.
Fight for compensation is frustrating and slow
Brass cover-up, not wanting anyone to know.
From cancer many comrades have died
Medical Insurance have been denied.
Compensation I now receive
My health I hope to retrieve.
In Vietnam , I was spared my life
Just to be stabbed with an Agent Orange knife" Yvonne Legge, 2001

Today, agriculture in Vietnam continues to suffer problems from six million unexploded bombs still present. Several organisations are attempting to remove these bombs. Landmines left in Vietnam are not removed, because the Vietnamese government refuses to accept responsibility.

Israel & Lebanon


Israel & Lebanon – In July 2006, Hezbollah initiated a rocket attack on Israeli borders. A ground patrol killed and captured Israeli soldiers. This resulted in open war between Israel and Lebanon.

The war caused environmental problems as Israelis bombed a power station south of Beirut. Damaged storage tanks leaked an estimated 20,000 tons of oil into the Mediterranean Sea. The oil spill spread rapidly, covering over 90 km of the coastline, killing fish and affecting the habitat of the endangered green sea turtle. A sludge layer covers Beaches across Lebanon, and the same problem may occur in Syria as the spill continues to spread. Part of the oil spill burned, causing widespread air pollution. Smog affects the health of people living in the city of Beirut. So far problems limiting the clean-up operation of oil spills have occurred, because of ongoing violence in the region.

Another major problem were forest fires in Northern Israel caused by Hezbollah bombings. A total of 9,000 acres of forest burned to the ground, and fires threaten tree reserves and bird sanctuaries.

Russia & Chechnya – In 1994 the First Chechen War of independence started, between Russian troops, Chechen guerrilla fighters and civilians. Chechnya has been a province of Russia for a very long time and now desires independence. The First War ended in 1996, but in 1999 Russia again attacked Chechnya for purposes of oil distribution.

The war between the country and its province continues today. It has devastating effects on the region of Chechnya. An estimated 30% of Chechen territory is contaminated, and 40% of the territory does not meet environmental standards for life. Major environmental problems include radioactive waste and radiation, oil leaks into the ground from bombarded plants and refineries, and pollution of soil and surface water. Russia has buried radioactive waste in Chechnya. Radiation at some sites is ten times its normal level. Radiation risks increase as Russia bombs the locations, particularly because after 1999 the severeness of weaponry increased. A major part of agricultural land is polluted to the extent that it can no longer meet food supplies. This was mainly caused by unprofessional mini-refineries of oil poachers in their backyards, not meeting official standards and causing over 50% of the product to be lost as waste. Groundwater pollution flows into the rivers Sunzha and Terek on a daily basis. On some locations the rivers are totally devoid of fish. Flora and fauna are destroyed by oil leaks and bombings.

Iraq & the United States


Iraq & the United States – The war in Iraq started by the United States in 2003 as part of the War on Terrorism causes poverty, resulting in environmental problems. Long-term environmental effects of the war remain unclear, but short-term problems have been identified for every environmental compartment. For example, some weapons are applied that may be extremely damaging to the environment, such as white phosphorus ammunition. People around the world protest the application of such armoury.

Water
Damage to sanitation structures by frequent bombing, and damage to sewage treatment systems by power blackouts cause pollution of the River Tigris. Two hundred blue plastic containers containing uranium were stolen from a nuclear power plant located south of Baghdad. The radioactive content of the barrels was dumped in rivers and the barrels were rinsed out. Poor people applied the containers as storage facility for water, oil and tomatoes, or sold them to others. Milk was transported to other regions in the barrels, making it almost impossible to relocate them.

Air
Oil trenches are burning, as was the case in the Gulf War of 1991, resulting in air pollution. In Northern Iraq, a sulphur plant burned for one month, contributing to air pollution. As fires continue burning, groundwater applied as a drinking water source may be polluted.

Soil
Military movements and weapon application result in land degradation. The destruction of military and industrial machinery releases heavy metals and other harmful substances.

Iraq & Kuwait – The Gulf War


Iraq & Kuwait – The Gulf War was fought between Iraq, Kuwait and a number of western countries in 1991. Kuwait had been part of Iraq in the past, but was liberated by British imperialism, as the Iraqi government described it. In August 1990, Iraqi forces claimed that the country was illegally extracting oil from Iraqi territory, and attacked. The United Nations attempted to liberate Kuwait. Starting January 1991, Operation Desert Storm began, with the purpose of destroying Iraqi air force and anti-aircraft facilities, and command and control facilities. The battle was fought in Iraq, Kuwait and the Saudi-Arabian border region. Both aerial and ground artillery was applied. Late January, Iraqi aircraft were flown to Iran, and Iraqi forces began to flee.

The Gulf War was one of the most environmentally devastating wars ever fought. Iraq dumped approximately one million tons of crude oil into the Persian Gulf, thereby causing the largest oil spill in history (see environmental disasters). Approximately 25,000 migratory birds were killed. The impact on marine life was not as severe as expected, because warm water sped up the natural breakdown of oil. Local prawn fisheries did experience problems after the war. Crude oil was also spilled into the desert, forming oil lakes covering 50 square kilometres. In due time the oil percolated into groundwater aquifers.

Fleeing Iraqi troops ignited Kuwaiti oil sources, releasing half a ton of air pollutants into the atmosphere. Environmental problems caused by the oil fires include smog formation and acid rain. Toxic fumes originating from the burning oil wells compromised human health, and threatened wildlife. A soot layer was deposited on the desert, covering plants, and thereby preventing them from breathing. Seawater was applied to extinguish the oil fires, resulting in increased salinity in areas close to oil wells. It took about nine months to extinguish the fires.

During the war, many dams and sewage water treatment plants were targeted and destroyed. A lack of possibilities for water treatment resulting from the attacks caused sewage to flow directly into the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Additionally, pollutants seeped from bombed chemical plants into the rivers. Drinking water extracted from the river was polluted, resulting in widespread disease. For example, cases of typhoid fever have increased tenfold since 1991.

Movement of heavy machinery such as tanks through the desert damaged the brittle surface, causing soil erosion. Sand was uncovered that formed gradually moving sand dunes. These dunes may one day cause problems for Kuwait City. Tanks fired Depleted Uranium (DU) missiles, which can puncture heavy artillery structures. DU is a heavy metal that causes kidney damage and is suspected to be teratogenic and carcinogenic. Post-Gulf War reports state an increase in birth defects for children born to veterans. The impact of Depleted Uranium could not be thoroughly investigated after the Gulf War, because Saddam Hussein refused to cooperate. Its true properties were revealed after the Kosovo War in 2001 (description below). DU has now been identified as a neurotoxin, and birth defects and cancers are attributed to other chemical and nerve agents. However, it is stated that DU oxides deposited in the lungs of veterans have not been thoroughly researched yet. It was later found that this may cause kidney and lung infections for highly exposed persons.

After the Gulf War many veterans suffered from a condition now known as the Gulf War Syndrome. The causes of the illness are subject to widespread speculation. Examples of possible causes are exposure to DU (see above), chemical weapons (nerve gas and mustard gas), an anthrax vaccine given to 41% of US soldiers and 60-75% of UK soldiers, smoke from burning oil wells and parasites. Symptoms of the GWS included chronic fatigue, muscle problems, diarrhoea, migraine, memory loss, skin problems and shortness of breath. Many Gulf War veterans have died of illnesses such as brain cancer, now acknowledged as potentially connected to service during the war

Hiroshima & Nagasaki nuclear explosions


Hiroshima & Nagasaki nuclear explosions – Atomic bombs are based on the principle of nuclear fission, which was discovered in Nazi Germany in 1938 by two radio chemists. During the process, atoms are split and energy is released in the form of heat. Controlled reactions are applied in nuclear power plants for production of electricity, whereas unchecked reactions occur during nuclear bombings. The invention in Germany alarmed people in the United States, because the Nazi’s in possession of atomics bombs would be much more dangerous than they already where. When America became involved in WWII, the development of atomic bombs started there in what was called the ‘Manhattan Project’. In July 1945 an atomic bomb was tested in the New Mexico desert. The tests were considered a success, and America was now in possession of one of the world’s deadliest weapons.

In 1945, at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War, nuclear weapons were applied to kill for the first time in Japan. On August 6, a uranium bomb by the name of Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima, followed by a plutonium bomb by the name of Fat Man on Nagasaki on August 9. The reason Hiroshima was picked was that it was a major military centre. The bomb detonated at 8.15 p.m. over a Japanese Army parade field, where soldiers were already present. Nagasaki was picked because it was an industrial centre. The bomb, which was much larger than that used on Hiroshima, exploded at 11.02 a.m. at an industrial site. However, the hills on and the geographical location of the bombing site caused the eventual impact to be smaller than days earlier in Hiroshima.

The first impact of the atomic bombings was a blinding light, accompanied by a giant wave of heat. Dry flammable materials caught fire, and all men and animals within half a mile from the explosion sites died instantly. Many structures collapsed, in Nagasaki even the structures designed to survive earthquakes were blasted away. Many water lines broke. Fires could not be extinguished because of the water shortage, and six weeks after the blast the city still suffered from a lack of water. In Hiroshima a number of small fires combined with wind formed a firestorm, killing those who did not die before but were left immobile for some reason. Within days after the blasts, radiation sickness started rearing its ugly head, and many more people would die from it within the next 5 years.

The total estimated death toll:
In Hiroshima 100,000 were killed instantly, and between 100,000 and 200,000 died eventually.
In Nagasaki about 40,000 were killed instantly, and between 70,000 and 150,000 died eventually.

The events of August 6 and August 9 can be translated into environmental effects more literally. The blasts caused air pollution from dust particles and radioactive debris flying around, and from the fires burning everywhere. Many plants and animals were killed in the blast, or died moments to months later from radioactive precipitation. Radioactive sand clogged wells used for drinking water winning, thereby causing a drinking water problem that could not easily be solved. Surface water sources were polluted, particularly by radioactive waste. Agricultural production was damaged; dead stalks of rice could be found up to seven miles from ground zero. In Hiroshima the impact of the bombing was noticeable within a 10 km radius around the city, and in Nagasaki within a 1 km radius.

Cambodia civil war


Cambodia civil war – In 1966 the Prince of Cambodia began to lose the faith of many for failure to come to grips with the deteriorating economic situation. In 1967 rebellion started in a wealthy province where many large landowners lives. Villagers began attacking the tax collection brigade, because taxes were invested in building large factories, causing land to be taken. This led to a bloody civil war. Before the conflict could be repressed 10,000 people had died.

The rebellion caused the up rise of the Khmer Rouge, a Maoist-extremist organization that wanted to introduce communism in the country. In 1975 the organization, led by Pol Pot, officially seized power in Cambodia. The Khmer considered farmers (proletarians) to be the working class, as did Mao in China earlier. Schools, hospitals and banks were closed, the country was isolated from all foreign influence, and people were moved to the countryside for forced labor. People were obligated to work up to 12 hours a day, growing three times as many crops, as was usually the case. Many people died there from exhaustion, illness and starvation, or where shot by the Khmer on what was known as ‘The Killing Fields’.

The Khmer Rouge regime resulted in deforestation, caused by extensive timber logging to finance war efforts, agricultural clearance, construction, logging concessions and collection of wood fuels. A total 35% of the Cambodian forest cover was lost under the Maoist regime. Deforestation resulted in severe floods, damaging rice crops and causing food shortages. In 1993, a ban on logging exports was introduced to prevent further flooding damage.

In 1979 the Khmer Rouge regime ended with an invasion by Vietnam, and the installation of a pro-Vietnamese puppet government. Subsequently, Thai and Chinese forces attempted to liberate the country from Vietnamese dominance. Many landmines were placed in the 1980’s, and are still present in the countryside. They deny agricultural use of the land where they are placed. In 1992 free elections were introduced, but the Khmer Rouge resumed fighting. Eventually, half of the Khmer soldiers left in 1996, and many officials were captured. Under the Khmer regime, a total of 1.7 million people died, and the Khmer was directly responsible for about 750,000 of those casualties.

Afghanistan war


Afghanistan war – In October 2001, the United States attacked Afghanistan as a starting chapter of the ‘War on terrorism’, which still continues today. The ultimate goal was to replace the Taliban government, and to find apparent 9/11 mastermind and Al-Qaeda member Osama Bin Laden. Many European countries assisted the US in what was called ‘Operation Enduring Freedom’.

During the war, extensive damage was done to the environment, and many people suffered health effects from weapons applied to destroy enemy targets. It is estimated that ten thousand villages, and their surrounding environments were destroyed. Safe drinking water declined, because of a destruction of water infrastructure and resulting leaks, bacterial contamination and water theft. Rivers and groundwater were contaminated by poorly constructed landfills located near the sources.

Afghanistan once consisted of major forests watered by monsoons. During the war, Taliban members illegally trading timber in Pakistan destroyed much of the forest cover. US bombings and refugees in need of firewood destroyed much of what remained. Less than 2% of the country still contains a forest cover today.

Bombs threaten much of the country’s wildlife. One the world’s important migratory thoroughfare leads through Afghanistan. The number of birds now flying this route has dropped by 85%. In the mountains many large animals such as leopards found refuge, but much of the habitat is applied as refuge for military forces now. Additionally, refugees capture leopards and other large animals are and trade them for safe passage across the border.

Pollution from application of explosives entered air, soil and water. One example is cyclonite, a toxic substance that may cause cancer. Rocket propellants deposited perchlorates, which damage the thyroid gland. Numerous landmines left behind in Afghan soils still cause the deaths of men, women and children today.

World Trade Centre explosion


World Trade Centre explosion - The so-called ‘War on Terrorism’ the United States are fighting in Asia currently all started with the event we recall so well from the shocking images projected on news bulletins. On September 11, 2001, terrorists flew airplanes into the buildings of the World Trade Centre. It is now claimed that the attack and simultaneous collapse of the Twin Towers caused a serious and acute environmental disaster.

"We will live in the death smog for a while,
breathing the dust of the dead,
the 3 thousand or so who turn to smoke,
as the giant ashtray in Lower Manhattan
continues to give up ghosts.
The dead are in us now,
locked in our chests,
staining our lungs,
polluting our bloodstreams.
And though we cover our faces with flags
and other pieces of cloth to filter the air,
the spirits of the dead aren’t fooled
by our masks." Lawrence Swan, 05-10-2001

As the planes hit the Twin Towers more than 90.000 litres of jet fuel burned at temperatures above 1000oC. An atmospheric plume formed, consisting of toxic materials such as metals, furans, asbestos, dioxins, PAH, PCB and hydrochloric acid. Most of the materials were fibres from the structure of the building. Asbestos levels ranged from 0.8-3.0% of the total mass. PAH comprised more than 0.1% of the total mass, and PCBs less than 0.001% of total mass. At the site now called Ground Zero, a large pile of smoking rubble burned intermittently for more than 3 months. Gaseous and particulate particles kept forming long after the towers had collapsed.


Aerial photograph of the plume

The day of the attacks dust particles of various sizes spread over lower Manhattan and Brooklyn, for many miles. Fire fighters and medics working at the WTC were exposed, but also men and women on the streets and in nearby buildings, and children in nearby schools. In vivo inhalation studies and epidemiological studies pointed out the impact of the dust cloud. Health effects from inhaling dust included bronchial hyper reactivity, because of the high alkalinity of dust particles. Other possible health effects include coughs, an increased risk of asthma and a two-fold increase in the number of small-for-gestational-age baby’s among pregnant women present in or nearby the Twin Towers at the time of the attack. After September, airborne pollutant concentrations in nearby communities declined.

Many people present at the WTC at the time of the attacks are still checked regularly, because long-term effects may eventually show. It is thought there may be an increased risk of development of mesothelioma, consequential to exposure to asbestos. This is a disease where malignant cells develop in the protective cover of the body’s organs. Airborne dioxins in the days and weeks after the attack may increase the risk of cancer and diabetes. Infants of women that were pregnant on September 11 and had been in the vicinity of the WTC at the time of the attack are also checked for growth or developmental problems.

Pearl Harbor (WWII


Pearl Harbor (WWII) – When World War II began, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Consequentially, the United States closed the Panama Canal to Japanese shipping, and initiated a complete oil embargo. Japan, being dependent on US oil, responded to the embargo violently. On December 1941, Japanese troops carried out a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, aimed at the US Navy stationed there. Despite the awareness that Japan might attack, the US was surprisingly unprepared for the Japanese aggression. There were no aircraft patrols, and anti-aircraft weapons were not manned.

For the attack five Japanese submarines were present in the harbor to launch torpedos. One was discovered immediately, and attacked by the USS Ward. All five submarines sank, and at least three of them have not been located since. As Japanese bombers arrived they began firing at US marine airbases across Hawaii, and subsequently battle ships in Pearl Harbor. Eighteen ships sank, including five battleships, and a total of more than 2,000 Americans were killed in action. The explosion of the USS Arizona caused half of the casualties. The ship was hit by a bomb, burned for two days in a row, and subsequently sank to the bottom. The cloud of black smoke over the boat was mainly caused by burning black powder from the magazine for aircraft catapults aboard the ship.

Leaking fuel from the Arizona and other ships caught fire, and caused more ships to catch fire. Of the 350 Japanese planes taking part in the attack, 29 were lost. Over sixty Japanese were killed in actions, most of them airmen.

Today, three battle ships are still at the bottom of the harbor. Four others were raised and reused. The USS Arizona, being the most heavily damaged ship during the attack, continues to leak oil from the hulk into the harbor. However, the wreck is maintained, because it now serves as part of a war memorial

Sudan (Darfur & Chad)


Sudan (Darfur & Chad) – In Sudan civil war and extreme droughts caused a widespread famine, beginning in 1983. Productive farmland in the southern region was abandoned during the war. Thousands of people became refugees that left behind their land, possibly never to return. Attempts of remaining farmers to cultivate new land to grow crops despite the drought led to desertification and soil erosion. The government failed to act for fear of losing its administrative image abroad, causing the famine to kill an estimated 95,000 of the total 3,1 million residents of the province Darfur. As farmers started claiming more and more land, routes applied by herders were closed off. This resulted in conflicts between farmers and rebels groups. In 2003, a conflict was fought in Darfur between Arab Sudanese farmers and non-Arab Muslims. The Muslim group is called Janjaweed, a tribe mainly consisting of nomadic sheep and cattle herders. Originally the Janjaweed were part of the Sudanese and Darfurian militia, and were armed by the Sudanese government to counter rebellion. However, they started utilizing the weapons against non-Muslim civilians. The tribe became notorious for massacre in 2003-2004. In December 2005 the conflict continued across the border, now involving governmental army troops from Chad, and the rebel groups Janjaweed and United Front for Democratic Change from Sudan. In February 2006 the governments of Chad and Sudan signed a peace treaty called the Tripoli Agreement. Unfortunately a new rebel assault of the capital of Chad in April made Chad break all ties with Sudan. The Darfur Conflict so far caused the death of between 50,000 and 450,000 civilians. It caused over 45,000 people to flea the countries of Sudan and Central Africa, into north and east Chad. Most refugees claim they fled civilian attacks from rebel forces, looting food and recruiting young men to join their troops.

ecodemonic crisis

human geneology since immemorial is well known and characterised by the dynamisms coming within and without the forces of nature,attributing the current hike of commodities to human factors is the best way to crush subjectivity and to pave way for objectivity,even without scrutnizing much by logic and consensus,could you pliz key the following site,www.crisisdotpeace.blogspot.com

Rwanda civil war


Rwanda civil war - Between April and July 1994 extremist military Hutu groups murdered about 80,000-1,000,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus in Rwanda. Over 2,000,000 people lost their homes and became refugees. Rwanda has a very rich environment, however, it has a particularly limited resource base. About 95% of the population lives on the countryside and relies on agriculture. Some scientists believe that competition for scarce land and resources led to violence prior to and particularly after the 1994 genocide. It is however stated that resource scarcity only contributed limitedly to the conflict under discussion. The main cause of the genocide was the death of the president from a plane-crash caused by missiles fires from a camp.

The many refugees from the 1994 combat caused a biodiversity problem. When they returned to the already overpopulated country after the war, they inhabited forest reserves in the mountains where endangered gorillas lived. Conservation of gorilla populations was no longer effective, and refuges destroyed part of the habitat. Despite the difficulties still present in Rwanda particularly concerning security and resource provision, an international gorilla protection group is now working on better conditions for the gorillas in Rwanda.

The impact of war on the environment and human health

The impact of war on the environment and human health
“Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable development. States shall therefore respect international law providing protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its further development, as necessary.” – 1992 Rio Declaration

The application of weapons, the destruction of structures and oil fields, fires, military transport movements and chemical spraying are all examples of the destroying impact war may have on the environment. Air, water and soil are polluted, man and animal are killed, and numerous health affects occur among those still living. This page is about the environmental effects of wars and incidents leading to war that have occurred in the 20th and 21st century.

oil crisis


Will natural resource limitations cause severe fuel price increases for your family, your friends and yourself? How were oil and natural gas deposits created? This book is widely regarded as the very best source available.
You can hear an interview with the author C. J. Campbell by using FREE RealPlayer software.

oil crisis

What does the future hold for oil?
Oil depletion is inevitable, coming soon, and significantly, comes down to cases. Different countries will suffer from decline in different ways: UK, Mexico, Indonesia.
Can new supplies be brought on-line on time and at a reasonable price?
No, but even if they could, the carbon footprint of non-conventional oil dramatically limits its potential to offset oil depletion.
Furthermore, every attempt to flog non-solutions (tar sands, shale, coal-to-liquids, hydrogen, ethanol) is precious time lost to get to plausible alternatives.
Therefore net energy is the essential metric to find out which technologies can save the day.
What strategies can the USA pursue to [create conditions for] stability?
Especially for the USA, the automobile is our nemesis. In the 21st century it is a travesty that it takes 4,000 pounds of metal to move 200 pounds of people. That's only 5% efficient! Solar energy is sufficient to power high capacity transport - 100% - using only the system's 4' to 8' right-of-way.

Gaza Rockets Cause Shock, Fear in Israel


Gaza Rockets Cause Shock, Fear in Israel
From: Integrated Regional Information Networkds (IRIN)

(Jan. 2) The Israeli authorities estimate that over one million citizens are within missile range, including those in major cities such as Beer Sheba, Ashkelon, Ashdod, and several smaller towns and villages.

Israelis take cover during a rocket warning siren in the southern Israeli town of Ashkelon, Monday Dec. 29, 2008. © Amir Farshad Ebrahimi (flickr)A red alert system is in place. Residents in Ashdod have 45 seconds to reach shelter; in Ashkelon they have 30 seconds to do so, and in Sderot only 15 seconds.

Home front command has ordered all schools and public institutes within 40km of the Gaza border closed until further notice. Public shelters are being opened in every city, including some which had been closed for decades....

From Beer Sheba, Soroka Hospital spokesperson Inbar Darom-Gotter told IRIN on 1 January: "We've treated over 150 cases of shell shock in the last four days -- much more than physical injuries. The hospital is well prepared for upcoming emergencies and missile attacks."

Barzilai hospital in Ashkelon is now working in an emergency mode; all non-urgent operations have been suspended. In the four days up to 1 January, the hospital treated 116 people -- 74 shell shock cases, and 42 physical injuries.

» Read the whole story from IRIN

IRIN is part of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, but its services are editorially independent. Its principal role is to provide news and analysis about sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia for the humanitarian community, and its reports do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations and its agencies, nor its member states.

» Get the Latest News on the Gaza crisis from IRIN

'People Don't Laugh Anymore'



Youth Reports: 'People Don't Laugh Anymore'
Text messages from Mercy Corps' youth correspondents inside Gaza describe a general sense of fear and despair, and hopes of a return to normal life soon

From: Mercy Corps



(Jan. 13) Youth involved in Mercy Corps' Gaza programs are feeling the effects of Israel's military action against Hamas. These updates come mostly via SMS from participants in our Global Youth Connectivity initiative, a program that links students from the Middle East with their peers in the U.S.

Hothayfa. © Mercy CorpsHothayfa: "There is no safe place in Gaza; we moved in with my grandparents thinking that their neighborhood is safer, but last night we were watching a movie on my laptop and all of a sudden an adjacent building was bombarded, luckily no one had a major injury because we were sitting right under the window, but the broken glass was all over and some of us had minor injuries, and we could probably sleep for an hour or so. This is an incident that I will never forget.

"There are many changes...buildings are destructed, people changed; all they talk about is the war, people don't laugh anymore, they are just scared, worried and they have no clue as to what might happen."

Nasser: "Last night there was a lot of bombing, but it is quieter during the day. All the trees in our garden were burnt yesterday. I just hope that nothing else happens. People in Gaza do not believe that there is democracy in the world because of all what is happening to us, everyone is wondering why isn't all this stopped if there is democracy. People are desperate; they do not care about anything anymore....

"We used to walk around in Gaza and notice all the nice places there, but now every 50 meters there are damaged buildings and houses. The Legislative Council used to be a beautiful building but now it's all black, many institutes and buildings are burnt."

(Jan. 12) Ziad: "We ran out of cooking gas so our neighbors make us coffee or tea. I heard that there is humanitarian aid but I did not see anything.

"The days are all the same, we are bored, there's continuous shelling and no where is safe."

Reem. © Mercy CorpsReem: "We had stored food and my father goes shopping for the basic things during the short cease fire, but still it's not very safe to go out during the cease fire. Moreover, we are running out of cash; there are no salaries and no money at the banks....No aid is coming in to Gaza from INGOs.

"The air is polluted; it's full of dust and gases, people are scared, our building is empty, there is no life, the city is empty and haunted if you will.

"We have never experienced such a thing, we are considering moving to another country if possible and just leave everything in Gaza. We cannot sleep and we do not know if we will wake up the next morning. But the thing is that at the moment it is very difficult to leave home and go somewhere else especially that everywhere in Gaza is not safe anymore."

Mercy Corps works in dozens of countries to alleviate suffering, poverty, and oppression by helping people build secure, productive and just communities. Since the 1980s, Mercy Corps has helped Palestinians build a more peaceful and hopeful future by connecting teenagers in Gaza to their peers in U.S. high schools, helping people with disabilities amplify their voice in society, and giving enterprising young women in the West Bank the opportunity to learn marketable new skills.

Residents of Tel Al-Hawa Area Warned to Flee


Residents of Tel Al-Hawa Area Warned to Flee
District has tallest buildings in Gaza; as many as 40,000 may be taking shelter in local school

From: American Friends Service Committee (AFSC)

(Jan. 14) Israeli F-16s recently dropped papers asking all residents of Gaza’s Tel Al-Hawa area to leave their homes, warning that staying would be very risky.

AFSC’s coordinator for the Palestinian Youth Program, Amal Sabawi, a Tel Al-Hawa resident, has moved in with her brother, who lives in another area of the city. The family has no land-line phone or electricity, reports Ibrahim Shatali, AFSC’s youth officer in Gaza. Hana Mtair, an administrative assistant at the Gaza office, has also moved from the Tel Al-Hawa area.

The Tel Al-Hawa area, southwest of Gaza, has the tallest buildings in the city and is home to an estimated 25,000 to 40,000 of Gaza City's 400,000 residents. It's home to suspected Hamas members, the targets of the Israeli actions.

Those who had relatives in other areas of the city moved there; others moved to the UNRWA school. The population at the school may exceed 40,000.

News reports from the area indicate intensive shelling near the Al-Mujtama'a college on the eastern side of Tel Al-Hawa. The college is reported as being demolished, and observers say residents are fleeing this residential neighborhood as well. Many residents do not know which areas of the city are safe.

The American Friends Service Committee carries out service, development, social justice, and peace programs throughout the world. Its "Faces of Hope" program supports nonviolent resistance and refusal in Israel and Palestine

Medical Aid Workers Face 'Non-Choice'


Medical Aid Workers Face 'Non-Choice'
Medical personnel only allowed into Gaza through dangerous areas; surgical team remains on standby in Jerusalem

From: Médecins sans Frontières (MSF)

(Jan. 14) The shootings and bombings by the Israeli army in the Gaza Strip do not allow for the arrival or departure of MSF teams, even if authorizations have been provided by Israeli authorities. The daily three-hour lull that Israel has announced is not being fully observed. And since the pause in fighting applies only to Gaza City, there is no possibility for humanitarian workers to safely use the Erez crossing point in the north of the Gaza Strip, the only area authorized by Israeli authorities for movements of staff.

MSF has not been granted permission to use the Kerem Shalom crossing point, which is used for moving supplies across the border. MSF denounces this blockage and the non-choice it faces: exposing MSF teams to danger without any possible alternative.

MSF demands that Israel authorize the entry of its emergency aid workers through alternative entry points into the Gaza Strip, such as Kerem Shalom. This is an indispensable condition for providing adequate assistance to the population of Gaza....

While hospital emergency departments in Gaza face a shortage of surgeons, a five-person MSF surgical team has been on stand-by in Jerusalem for one week. Shifa Hospital in Gaza City has requested and relied on the support of MSF staff and medical supplies for more than two weeks.

"We are in regular contact with hospitals in Gaza," said Cécile Barbou, MSF medical coordinator in the Gaza Strip. "Their emergency departments and intensive care units are overwhelmed by the inflow of sick and wounded patients, especially at night. Surgical departments are working around the clock. Sometimes two operations are performed simultaneously in the same operating room. Hospital staff are exhausted."...

The MSF clinic in Gaza City remains open but it is extremely dangerous for people to move about and few residents are able to reach medical facilities.

Part of MSF's Palestinian medical teams are supplied with emergency kits so they can treat patients at home in the neighborhoods where team members live. They have treated more than 270 people in the last two weeks. Medications and supplies have been distributed from MSF inventories to address shortages in Gazan health facilities.

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is an international humanitarian aid organization that provides emergency medical assistance to populations in danger in more than 70 countries. Since July 2007, MSF has been providing post-operative care and physiotherapy to hundreds of people wounded by fighting in the Gaza Strip. In March 2008 a pediatric clinic was opened in Gaza for children under 12. MSF has been working in Gaza and the West Bank since 1989

Heavy Artillery Dropped in Crowded Areas


Heavy Artillery Dropped in Crowded Areas
Weapons expert witnesses shells with widespread impact range dropped in center of crowded city

From: Human Rights Watch

(Jan. 16) Israel's use of heavy artillery in residential areas of Gaza City violates the prohibition under the laws of war against indiscriminate attacks and should be stopped immediately, Human Rights Watch said today. A Human Rights Watch researcher on the Israel-Gaza border on January 15, 2009, observed Israel's repeated use in the center of Gaza City of 155mm artillery shells, which inflict blast and fragmentation damage up to 300 meters away.

"Firing 155mm shells into the center of Gaza City, whatever the target, will likely cause horrific civilian casualties," said Marc Garlasco, senior military analyst at Human Rights Watch. "By using this weapon in such circumstances, Israel is committing indiscriminate attacks in violation of the laws of war."...

According to the Israeli government, on Jan. 3, the IDF (Israeli Defense Forces) began broadcasting warnings that told people, among other things, that "For your own safety, you are required to leave your homes immediately and move to the city centers." Despite these warnings, the IDF has launched attacks against the Gaza city center, causing civilian casualties.

"Israel warned civilians to go to city centers and later shelled the center of Gaza City with a weapon that should never be used in densely populated areas," Garlasco said....

Human Rights Watch is unable to conduct full investigations into alleged laws of war violations by either side because of Israel's continuing denial of access to Gaza.

Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups have also violated the laws of war by continuing to fire unguided Qassam and Grad rockets at population centers in Israel. A Human Rights Watch researcher on the Gazan border yesterday saw the firing of a Qassam rocket that hit outside Sderot, causing no injuries. Such rockets have killed three Israeli civilians and injured at least 78 since Dec. 27.

Human Rights Watch is a nonprofit organization based in New York. Its researchers around the world conduct rigorous, objective investigations to focus international attention where human rights are violated.

'Unsure' About Ceasefire


'Unsure' About Ceasefire
Several young people in Gaza are not sure what to expect in the coming days, but they're beginning to rebuild

From: Mercy Corps



(Jan. 18) Editor's note: Youth involved in Mercy Corps' Gaza programs are sending these updates -- mostly via text message -- to Mercy Corps coordinators outside Gaza.

Ziad. © Mercy CorpsZiad: "It is quieter in the area where I have been staying for the past two days, yet we can feel that people are worried and anxious. I am very sad because Sheikh Radwan graveyard was bombarded and that is where my father is buried. I don't understand why they bombed the graveyard? What did the dead do?

"I support a cease fire. People are tired and the past few weeks were really tough, so it is the right decision.

"People who know me say that I am an optimistic person, but now it's not that I am not optimistic, it's just that I am not comfortable at all. We will have to wait and see how things go. After 23 days of war, I cannot foresee how things will be in the future, how our life will continue and such. I have many questions and I guess that in a few days these questions will be answered."

Fairouz: "The situation is much better. We are still staying with another family. We are worried about our home though. My parents went to our home today and found out that there is some minor damage. The telephone lines and cellular network are not working properly, so I could not reach my friends. Yesterday, I knew that a girl from my university died along with her mother and three sisters and the father was injured. It's so sad.

"After the ceasefire, I am optimistic. We hope this war ends really soon."

Hothayfa: "The doors and windows in our house are broken, and there are bullets in the walls. My father, brothers and I are cleaning up the house and trying to fix things because we cannot live in it without windows or doors.

"The question is: is Israel's operation over? We were not expecting the cease fire now, because we heard that the IDF (Israeli Defense Forces) will be continuing its operation. The Palestinian groups agreed to a ceasefire, but the Israeli soldiers are still present in Gaza. The Israelis probably made up the ceasefire story in order to show the international community that they have the will to end their operation. I still cannot make up my mind. This week is a trial period. We hope it remains quiet."

Mercy Corps works in dozens of countries to alleviate suffering, poverty, and oppression by helping people build secure, productive and just communities. Since the 1980s, Mercy Corps has helped Palestinians build a more peaceful and hopeful future by connecting teenagers in Gaza to their peers in U.S. high schools, helping people with disabilities amplify their voice in society, and giving enterprising young women in the West Bank the opportunity to learn marketable new skills.

Gaza Doctor's Grief Speaks Across Borders

Gaza Doctor's Grief Speaks Across Borders
Doctor's cries aired live on Israeli TV minutes after attack kills three daughters and neice

From: Arab American Institute

(Jan. 19) The Israeli media appears to have seized upon the tragedy of one Palestinian to put a face upon the suffering of the people of Gaza. Dr. Izz el-Deen Aboul Aish's home was shelled just minutes before he was scheduled to speak to Israeli television. Three of his daughters were killed outright: Bisan, Mayar and Aya. "Abu al-Aish said he hoped his three daughters would be the last victims of the fighting in Gaza, and that their deaths would help bring peace between Israel and the Palestinians," Haaretz reported.

Dr. Aboul Aish worked in a hospital in Israel and lived in Gaza. Since his wife's death from cancer, his girls were his life. He worked tirelessly to change Israeli perceptions of Palestinians, and called himself 'a bridge' between the two worlds. His heartbroken cries on Israeli television brought the consequences of the war home to the people of Israel.

(Jan. 16)

'Gaza Is Changed Forever'


'Gaza Is Changed Forever'
Ceasefire brings time for reflections as Gazans begin to dig out from under rubble

From: New Internationalist (NI)

Editor's note: Louisa Waugh posted this report. She is a regular NI contributor currently living in Palestine. Her weekly dispatch from the Gaza Strip focuses on the ups and downs of everyday life, whether in times of bombardment or ceasefire. More reports can be found in the right column of this page, under "The Gaza Blog."

(Jan. 19) When I called Hani, at around 11 o'clock this morning, he was driving through the ruins of Gaza city. "They have stopped bombing us -- but you would not believe what we have left -- the sight of our city," he says, sounding exhausted, relieved and depressed all at the same time. "It is just rubble everywhere, and there are bodies in the rubble." He tells me he's on his way back to northern Gaza, to see if his house in Beit Lahia is still standing.

The Israeli "ceasefire" started at 2 am this morning. Hamas has accepted the ceasefire, saying it is giving the Israeli military one week to completely withdraw from Gaza. Apparently there have been clashes already between the Israeli military and Palestinian fighters in the northern Gaza Strip, but my friends and colleagues in Gaza city say the city is now "peaceful -- thank God."...

Israel has consistently claimed it has been targeting only Hamas and other "terrorists" inside Gaza, not civilians. But the Gazans I speak to are adamant most of the victims have been civilians, many of them shot, dismembered or buried alive whilst cowering inside their own houses. At least 260 children have been killed during this military operation -- like 14-year-old Issa Mohammed Abu Jarad, who was dismembered by an Israeli missile fired from an unpiloted drone while he was collecting firewood for his family early on Friday morning, 16 January in Rafah, southern Gaza.

Hours later, an Israeli helicopter fired a missile at the house of 37-year-old 'Eissa 'Abdul Hadi al-Batran, who lives in al-Boreij refugee camp in the central Gaza Strip. The missile struck the house full force, killing Eissa's thirty year old wife, Manal, and their five children -- Islam, Iman, Ihsan, Bilal, and three year old 'Izziddin.

One of the unforgettable characteristics of this Israeli military onslaught against Gaza has been the number of families who have been wiped out....

My friends tell me Gaza is changed forever, grief-stricken and ruined, and still there is no immediate prospect of the borders opening so people can be released from this jail.

"We have lost everything," Mohammed, one of my friends in Jabaliya refugee camp, tells me over the phone. "My whole neighbourhood has been destroyed. But tell them, tell the world, we do not want food or money -- we just want our life back, and we want our freedom."

The New Internationalist (NI) workers' co-operative exists to report on issues of world poverty and inequality.

Amid Rubble, Schools Restart


Amid Rubble, Schools Restart
Young people regain some sense of normalcy as schools re-open during ceasefire

From: Islamic Relief Worldwide via AlertNet

Editor's Note: Hatem Shurrab is an aid worker in Gaza with the British-based charity Islamic Relief Worldwide. In a daily diary for the BBC, which is also being posted on the humanitarian aid Web site AlertNet, he is sharing first-hand accounts of the situation on the ground in Gaza and Islamic Relief's humanitarian efforts.

(Jan. 26) Amid the rubble and destroyed buildings people are trying their best to return to normal life -- if there ever was such a thing in Gaza. Part of that process is the children going back to school. Some of the schools have reopened and the pupils are eager to return.

The children of Gaza are mentally strong, they have to be. But at the end of the day they are still children and how strong can they be? Their psychological state is very delicate, and the opening of the schools is very important.

I spoke to seven-year-old Mariam, from Tal El Hawa. Like other children she remembers the day the first bombs dropped and is now happy to be back in her classroom. "I remember I was in an Arabic exam when I heard the bombs. I was too afraid until my dad came and took me back home. On the way I also heard very loud explosions," she said. "Now it is calm. I am so happy that I am back at school. Today at school I chatted with my friends and classmates while we were sitting on the steps. Each of us had a story during what happened. Three of them had their homes totally destroyed. Our teacher also asked us about what happened with us. I told her about what happened."...

I also spoke to Mohammed Sisalim, a 20-year-old engineering student. "Today is the first day I am going to my university. On the way I saw a lot of destruction. I couldn't believe it. It is too much," he told me. "At the university, I saw the broken glass and the most costly building at the university was destroyed. The lecture halls are not destroyed, but the desks and the floor is full of rubble."

Despite the limited access to education in Gaza it is still something that families take seriously, and even in the rubble, the lessons will go on....

Islamic Relief will be expanding its psychological support project in the next two months, focusing on school children and families. We are planning to spend another $3 million on this as well as the removal of demolition waste, house rehabilitation, and more food to hospitals as well as other projects.

Islamic Relief Worldwide is an international relief and development organization with permanent locations in more than 35 countries. Islamic Relief strives to alleviate the poverty and suffering of the world's poorest people through a wide variety of projects, including education and training, water and sanitation, income generation, orphan support, health and nutrition, and emergency relief. Reuters AlertNet is a humanitarian news network that aims to keep relief professionals and the wider public up-to-date on humanitarian crises around the globe.

What's Happening and How You Can Help


Israeli airstrikes on targets in the Gaza strip have killed hundreds, including many civilians, and wounded many more. The military offensive has forced almost all of the territory's population -- most of whom already required food aid -- to remain inside their homes, where they faced a shortage of cooking gas due to months of Israeli restrictions on goods entering the region. The airstrikes destroyed key Palestinian infrastructure, depriving many of water and electricity. Israeli soldiers marched into Gaza Saturday night backed by helicopter gunships and tanks.

Foreign journalists have been banned from the region, and the attacks have limited the movements of many humanitarian aid groups, though some are managing to send reports and provide a measure of help to those in need.

» Background on Palestinian Issues
» Groups You Can Support

Iraqi Freedom


Iraqi Freedom
On March 19th 2003 the United States invaded Iraq to overthrow the government of Saddam Hussein. Over three years later, US troops continue to fight an insurgency there

Operation Enduring Freedom


Operation Enduring Freedom
War came to America on September 11th 2001 with an attack on NY and Washington. Not since the Battle of Antietem had so many Americans perished in a day.

Desert Storm


Desert Storm
The last war America took part in the 20th century took place when Kuwait was invaded by Iraq. The major events of the war are depicted here.

Vietnam War


Vietnam War

It was the longest war that the United States fought and the only one that the United States lost. Learn about the major battles and events, as well statistics of the war on this site.

The Korean War

The Korean War

Some call it the forgotten war, but for two years America fought a full fledged war to keep South Korea free. Find out about all the battles of America's forgotten war.

World War II


World War II
It was a war like no other, and covered all corners of the gobe. Learn about the major battles of the war in this section.

World War I

World War I

Millions died in the fields of Europe, sometimes while fighting over a few disputed yards. Learn about the major battles and events in this the first major war of the century

The Spanish-American War


The Spanish-American War
America became a world power with its victory over the Spanish in this war. Learn about the major events in this war in the section.

The Civil War

The Civil War

It was America's bloodiest war as brother fought brother. Learn about the battles, read first hand accounts, and even watch a multimedia presentation

Mexican-American War

Mexican-American War

Learn how the dispute over Texas joining the Union resulted in US conquest of California and the balance of the Southwest

The War of 1812


The War of 1812

Some call it the Second War of Independence, for when it ended and the US had fought Great Britain to a stalemate, America's independence was assured. Each of the major events in this war are covered.

The American Revolution


The American Revolution

From 1775 to 1782, the Americans faced off against the largest empire in the world. Led by General Washington they won. Learn about the causes of the war, and follow each battle in this section

Tuesday, February 3, 2009

World Bank Secret Report confirms Biofuel Cause of World Food Crisis


A secret study by the World Bank, which reportedly has not been made public on pressure from the Bush Administration, concludes that bio-fuel cultivation in especially the USA and EU are directly responsible for the current explosion in grain and food prices worldwide. The US Government at the recent Rome UN Food Summit claimed that "only 3% of food prices" were due to bio-fuels. The World Bank secret report says that at least 75% of the recent price rises are due to land being removed from agriculture—mainly maize in North America and rapeseed and corn in the EU—in order to grow crops to be burned for vehicle fuel. The World Bank study confirms what we wrote more than a year ago about the madness of bio-fuels. It fits the agenda described in the 1970’s by Henry Kissinger, namely, ‘If you control the food you control the people.’

According to the London Guardian newspaper which has been given a copy of the suppressed report, the World Bank study was completed in April, well before the June Rome Food Summit, but was deliberately suppressed as "embarrassing to the position of the Bush Administration." The President of the World Bank, Robert Zoellick, is a former top Bush Administration official. Washington is trying to use a crisis which its bio-fuel subsidies created, since a new Farm bill passed in 2005, to advance the spread of Genetically Manipulated Organisms such as GMO maize, soybeans, rice and other crops patented by Monsanto and other "gene giants."

Their strategy is to use the explosive rise in grain prices worldwide, a rise fuelled by hedge funds and troubled US and European banks and investment funds pouring billions of dollars into speculation that grain prices will continue to soar. In other words, the food "crisis" is a crisis of speculation in food futures. The planned EU and USA bio-fuel acreage quotas and the periodic droughts and floods in key growing regions such as the USA Midwest then provide backdrop for speculative price run-ups. But the main driver is that tens of millions of hectares of prime agriculture land in the world’s two largest food export regions—the USA and the EU-- are being permanently removed from food production in order to grow raw material to be burned for vehicle fuel.

The suppressed study

The World Bank study, the most detailed analysis of the global food crisis so far, concludes that bio-fuels have forced "food prices up by 75%." That is far more than previous estimates. That is a damning refutation of the politically-motivated US Department of Agriculture estimate that plant-derived fuels add only 3% to food prices. The report is expected to increase pressure on the European Union governments as well as Washington to change their present bio-fuel subsidy and support policies.

The report has been leaked just days before the important annual Group of 8 industrial nation leaders’ summit held in Hokkaido Japan. The food crisis will be a major topic there as pressure on governments grows to do something.

The World Bank report estimates that doubling and tripling of world food prices in the past three years have forced an added 100 million people below the poverty line. That has triggered food riots from Bangladesh to Egypt.

The report as well calculates that even the successive droughts in Australia and other major food regions have had only a "marginal" impact on food prices.

Within the EU, for example, as of April all vehicles in the UK must contain fuel with at least 2.5% bio-fuel. The EU has in place a target of mandatory 20% by 2020, a staggering amount.

George W. Bush has cynically claimed higher food prices are merely due to higher demand from India and China. The leaked World Bank study refutes that: "Rapid income growth in developing countries has not led to large increases in global grain consumption and was not a major factor responsible for the large price increases."

"Without the increase in bio-fuels, global wheat and maize stocks would not have declined appreciably and price increases due to other factors would have been moderate," the World Bank report states. The basket of food prices examined in the study rose by 140% between 2002 and February 2008. Higher energy and fertiliser prices accounted for an increase of only 15%. Bio-fuels have been responsible for a 75% jump over that period.

The study demonstrates that production of bio-fuels has distorted food markets in three main ways. First, it has diverted grain away from food for fuel, with over a third of US corn now used to produce ethanol and about half of vegetable oils in the EU going to production of bio-diesel. Second, farmers have been encouraged to set land aside for bio-fuel production. Third, it has sparked financial speculation in grains, driving prices up higher.

The real agenda behind the food crisis

The World Bank study is the first to include all three factors. What is missing from the World Bank study however is the longer-term geopolitical agenda behind the present global food and energy crises. As I document in great detail in my book, Seeds of Destruction: The Hidden Agenda of Genetic Manipulation, the long term agenda of powerful leading circles in the West, particularly represented in tax exempt private foundations such as the Rockefeller, Ford and Gates foundations and the private wealth behind them, is a long term agenda of population reduction, in the interests of the global economic and financial elites.

Food scarcity, higher prices for basic foods in developing countries as well as control of food seeds through patent and Terminator suicide seed sales by Monsanto, Syngenta, DuPont, Dow, BASF, Bayer and a few select agriculture chemical seed giants—the "horsemen of the GMO Apokalypse," have been developed to advance the agenda of massive depopulation of the developing world.

The policy goes back, as the book documents in detail, to the early years of the 20th Century when Rockefeller, Carnegie, Harriman, Gamble, H.G. Wells, Margaret Sanger, and other wealthy circles backed the development of eugenics research. The Rockefeller Foundation financed the eugenics and forced sterilization research at the Berlin Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (today's Max Planck Institute) until it became too politically hot in 1939.

. After the end of the war, Rockefeller and others in the eugenics movement decided for political reasons to change the name of eugenics. The new name they chose was "genetics." GMO is a project, based on wrong science, financed with over $100 million of private money from the Rockefeller Foundation. The ultimate aim is for the first time in history to control life on the planet. As Henry Kissinger put in during the 1970’s food crisis, "control the food and you control the people."

In this light it is worth noting that as a solution to a crisis which it deliberately created by its massive government subsidies to farmers to grow bio-fuels instead of food, the Bush Administration made and continues to make a major pressure at the Rome Food Summit in early June and after, to open the doors to GMO as the alleged "solution" to world hunger.

On June 13, just after the Rome UN Food Summit, John Negroponte, US Deputy Secretary of State, stated, ""We therefore are strongly encouraging countries to remove barriers to the use of innovative plant and animal production technologies, including biotechnology," adding, "Biotechnology tools can help speed the development of crops with higher yields, higher nutrition value, better resistance to pests and diseases, and stronger food system resilience in the face of climate change." Washington and the GMO companies now use the more deceptive term, "biotechnology" instead of the controversial GMO term, in a linguistic ploy to overcome opposition.

Independent scientific studies and countless farmer reports have shown that long-term planting of GMO or bio-tech crops as the gene giants prefer to call it, far from giving higher crop yields, lowers the yields and development of resistant "super-weeds" usually mean more, not less Roundup or other GMO-paired chemical herbicides and pesticides are needed. In short the glorious claims for GMO are marketing fraud.

According to highly informed reports, Washington had been told that Pope Benedict XVI would endorse the spread of GMO, something the Vatican until now has been strongly opposed to on moral and other grounds, as a solution to world hunger. At the last minute that endorsement did not happen for reasons only the Pope perhaps knows. Groups like Greenpeace and the London Independent newspaper in the days before the Rome UN summit reported interviews with senior Church figures stating that the policy reverse was expected.

There is strong circumstantial evidence that the entire Rome UN Summit was orchestrated by Washington, London’s Gordon Brown and other Malthusian governments in part to try to convince the Pope to reverse its policy on GMO. The Roman Catholic Church today stands as one of the most important moral barriers to widespread acceptance of GMO in many developing countries such as the Philippines and Latin America.

The leak of the World Bank report adds a dramatic new element into what is becoming one of the major political issues along with oil price manipulation.