Monday, March 21, 2011

DESPOTS VS DEMO



Posted Monday, March 21 2011 at 00:00

The United Nations Security Council has rejected requests by the African Union (AU) High Level Ad-hoc Committee on Libya (AHCL) to fly to Tripoli to mediate between President Muammar Gaddafi and pro-democracy protesters fighting to end his 42-year rule.

A communiqué of the committee issued yesterday after its meeting in Mauritania said, “The committee, in conformity with resolution 1973(2011) of the United Nations Security Council, requested for the required permission for the flight carrying its members to Libya in order to fulfill their mandate. The committee was denied permission.”

No way
Uganda ministers Sam Kutesa (Foreign Affairs) and Amama Mbabazi (Security), who represented President Museveni, were part of the delegation.
Ambassador James Mugume, the foreign affairs permanent secretary, said the committee would proceed with its mission once the international coalition is done with disabling Col. Gaddafi’s air defences.

Related Stories

* Gaddafi must stop killings - Kutesa
* Uganda peace team to Libya departs Saturday

The committee was formed on March 10 during a meeting of the AU Peace and Security Council in Addis- Ababa to stop the escalation of the Libyan crisis. The request to go to Libya was made on Saturday after a meeting in Nouakchott, Mauritania.

The ad-hoc team comprises AU Commission chairperson Jean Ping, Presidents Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz of Mauritania (host), Dennis Sessou Ngueso (Republic of Congo), Amadou Toumani Toure (Mali), Jacob Zuma (South Africa) and Mr Museveni.

Museveni’s idea
The formation of the committee was informed by President Museveni’s proposal that the Libya crisis was “an African problem” that called for an “AU solution” with the assistance of the wider international community.

However, the AU effort was nipped in the bud following the March 17 passing of a UN resolution imposing a no-fly zone on Libya to “end intolerable civilian deaths” that were being occasioned by Col. Gaddafi’s military fire power, especially aerial bombardment.

The resolution called for an immediate ceasefire, which Col. Gaddafi said he was observing but his critics said he violated. On Saturday, the French and British military, later followed by Americans, Canadians, and Danish started both aerial and naval bombardment of Libyan air-defences, citing continued killings of civilians by Gaddafi’s forces in Bengazhi, the second biggest city of about two million people.

The AU committee’s communiqué yesterday expressed “regret of not being able, as they had envisaged to travel to Libya, on March 20, to meet with the parties both of which had agreed to deal with it.”

More resolutions
The Mauritania meeting, the communiqué said, agreed to formally communicate to both parties in Libya an urgent appeal to immediately end hostilities and take comprehensive measures to end civilian deaths and also present a road map aimed at reaching comprehensive reforms that would defuse the tensions that led to the current crisis.

Also proposed is that AU foreign ministers meet with representatives of Libya’s neighbours to discuss the regional implications of the crisis and map out efforts for regional stability.

The meeting called on member states to facilitate migrant workers trapped in the Libya conflict to return home or integrate in the Libya community and that the AU Commission convenes resource mobilisation conference to cater for emerging problems.

What the AU says

It is committed to fulfill its mission in the face of worrying developments.

Will not spare any effort in facilitating a peaceful solution, duly taking into consideration the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people

It will act in consistence with the UN resolution and seeks unreserved support of the international community.

An emergency meeting of the AU be convened in Addis Ababa with representatives of the Arab League, the OIC and the UN to map out ways of an early resolution to the conflict.

Monday, February 28, 2011

Gaddafi’s media strategy backfires


Libya has never been a friendly place for foreign journalists. A media ban kept reporters away as the uprising against strongman Muammar Gaddafi began on Feb. 17, and officials of the Gaddafi regime blasted journalists entering opposition-controlled areas last week as "outlaws" and al-Qaeda sympathizers.

Such hardball tactics, along with rambling speeches aired on Libyan state television, haven't helped Gaddafi in the court of public opinion. So the regime is now trying to make its case though the western media, claiming the government hasn't brutally cracked down on protesters (which it has) and that Gaddafi is firmly in control of the North African country (which he isn't).

On Monday, Gaddafi made such arguments to ABC News' Christine Amanpour--no stranger to dealing with authoritarian leaders--and journalists from the Times of London and BBC. "All my people love me," Gadhafi insisted. "They would die to protect me."Despite the government's attempt to get in front of the story, journalists arriving in Tripoli since Saturday aren't reporting back a story that matches Gaddafi's rhetoric.

New York Times reporter David Kirkpatrick, in the lead article in Sunday's paper, described how Gaddafi's media ploy backfired as "foreign journalists he invited to the capital discovered blocks of the city in open defiance of his authority." The government tried to sanitize the appearance of destabilizing unrest, and even picked the drivers who shuttled around the media. But that didn't work.

"In some ways, the mixed results of Colonel Gaddafi's theatrical gamble—opening the curtains to the world with great fanfare, even though the stage is in near-chaotic disarray—are an apt metaphor for the increasingly untenable situation in the country," Kirkpatrick noted.

NBC's Jim Maceda had a similar take. On Monday's "Today" show, Maceda noted the "irony" in finally allowing western journalists in the country only to have them see the opposition taking control just 30 miles outside Tripoli.

"That strategy completely backfired," Maceda said, adding that the images now being broadcast to the world make "Gadhafi look even weaker and more cornered" than before.

HomeNews News Schools adopt dirty tricks to cheat in national exams


Candidates have invented new dirty tricks of cheating in Form Four national examination whose results were released on Monday.

Some schools recruited university students and former Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) qualifiers to resit exams with the aim of boosting their performance index.

Other candidates collected money with the intention of buying examination papers while some school heads arranged for other people to impersonate their candidates.

Releasing the 2010 KCSE results on Monday, Education minister Sam Ongeri announced that results of 534 candidates were cancelled due to cheating. It was the least figure of cheating cases over the past 10 years. That was a drop from the 1,171 candidates whose results were nullified in 2009.

“This is an encouraging turn of events and I thank all those who have participated in the fight against this vice,” Prof Ongeri said of the reduction in cases of cheating.

He attributed the reduction to the involvement of the spy agency, National Security Intelligence Service, police and provincial administration.

“It is important that we continue in this spirit to win the war.”

But the minister spoke of disturbing cases of cheating involving candidates, parents and teachers.

Some candidates, he said, defied the school administration and “collected money in advance with the intention of purchasing examination papers”.

Some parents facilitated cheating by bringing mobile phones for their girls in boarding schools during the prayer days ahead of the start of the examinations.

He mentioned the headteacher of Ruiru St Triza Academy who allegedly entered an examination room without permission when the examination was in progress and placed a mathematical table with prepared notes on the desk of one of the candidates.

But the case was intercepted by the invigilator, Prof Ongeri said.

In another case, the proprietor of John Okongo Secondary School and principal, Kebaroti Secondary School organised for impersonation in their schools.

“This impersonation was organised so as to assist the daughter of the proprietor who was a candidate in the same school,” he said.

He said the headteacher of Rigoma Secondary School tried to bribe an official of the Kenya National Examinations Council but was apprehended by the police and charged in court.

“Such cases are very disturbing to me,” Prof Ongeri said, asking: “Why should adults go to such lengths to commit irregularities?”

He praised teachers and the public that passed useful information to Knec to give leads on the cheats.

Prof Ongeri said it was unfortunate that parents still flocked private schools that were ill-equipped leaving well equipped public schools at their doorstep.

“Some other institutions use unorthodox methods to attain good results,” he said. He said some schools paid university students or former KCSE candidates who performed well to re-sit so as to boost their performance index. These candidates were referred to as “boosters”.

He said severe disciplinary action would be taken against those involved.rof Ongeri also said some headteachers continued to register candidates with foreign qualifications without equating them to the Kenyan education system, which was against examination regulations.

He said results of 134 candidates would be withheld because their headteachers did not submit candidates’ foreign certificates for equation to the Kenyan system by the Knec.

“Any student seeking admission into our secondary schools should have had the required years of instruction for his/her foreign qualification to be considered as equivalent to our primary education system which is eight years,” he said.

UN Security Council votes to impose sanctions on Gaddafi

The U.N. Security Council unanimously imposed travel and asset sanctions on Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and close aides, ratcheting up pressure on him to quit before any more blood is shed in a popular revolt against his rule.
It also adopted an arms embargo and called for the deadly crackdown against anti-Gaddafi protesters to be referred to the International Criminal Court for investigation and possible prosecution of anyone responsible for killing civilians.

Is Gaddafi living up to his nickname of "mad dog of the Middle East"?
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By Catherine VIETTE
The 15-nation council passed the resolution hours after Gaddafi's police abandoned parts of the capital Tripoli to the revolt that has swept Libya and the United States bluntly told him he must go.

In the oil-rich east around the second city of Benghazi, freed a week ago by a disparate coalition of people power and defecting military units, a former minister of Gaddafi announced the formation of an "interim government" to reunite the country.

To the west in Tripoli, the 68-year-old Brother Leader's redoubt was shrinking. Reuters correspondents found residents in some neighbourhoods of the capital barricading their streets and proclaiming open defiance after security forces melted away.

Western leaders, their rhetoric emboldened by evacuations that have sharply reduced the number of their citizens stranded in the oilfields and cities of the sprawling desert state, spoke out more clearly to say Gaddafi's 41-year rule must now end.

"When a leader's only means of staying in power is to use mass violence against his own people, he has lost the legitimacy to rule and needs to do what is right for his country by leaving now," an aide to U.S. President Barack Obama said of phone talks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel over Libya.

U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice said the Security Council measures against Gaddafi and 15 other Libyans, including members of his family, were "biting sanctions" and that all those who committed crimes would be held to account.

"Those who slaughter civilians will be held personally accountable," Rice told the council after the vote. Speaking to reporters later, she praised the council's "unity of purpose".

The death toll from 10 days of violence in Libya is estimated by diplomats at about 2,000.

Talk of possible military action by foreign governments remained vague, however. It was unclear how long Gaddafi, with some thousands of loyalists -- including his tribesmen and military units commanded by his sons -- might hold out against rebel forces comprised of youthful gunmen and mutinous soldiers.

London-based Algerian lawyer Saad Djebbar, who knows a large number of Gaddafi's top officials, said that for Gaddafi staying in power had become impossible.

"It's about staying alive. (Gaddafi's) time is over," he said. "But how much damage he will cause before leaving is the question."

Tribal loyalties

One key element in the opposition's efforts to unseat him may be tribal loyalties, always a factor in the desert nation of six million and one which Gaddafi, despite official rhetoric to the contrary, tended to reinforce down the years.

His former justice minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Ajleil, now gone over to the opposition in Benghazi, was quoted by the online edition of the Quryna newspaper as saying that an interim government, whose status remained unclear, would "forgive" his large Gaddadfa tribe for "crimes" committed by the leader.

Such declarations may be intended to erode Gaddafi's efforts to rally supporters into a do-or-die defence of the old guard.

Libya Timeline: looking back at two weeks of violence
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By Nicholas RUSHWORTH
Some of those closest to Gaddafi have been deserting him and joining the opposition. On Saturday, Libya's envoy to the United States told Reuters he backed Abud Ajleil's caretaker team -- though it was unclear how much popular support that would have.

One of Gaddafi's sons, London-educated Saif al-Islam, again appeared on television on Saturday to deny that much of Libya was in revolt. But he also said: "What the Libyan nation is going through has opened the door to all options, and now the signs of civil war and foreign interference have started."

Gaddafi, once branded a "mad dog" by Washington for his support of militant groups worldwide, has been embraced by the West in recent years in return for renouncing some weapons programmes and, critically, for opening up Libya's oilfields.

While money has flowed into Libya, many people, especially in the long-restive and oil-rich east, have seen little benefit and, inspired by the popular overthrow of veteran strongmen in Tunisia and Egypt, on either side of their country, they rose up to demand better conditions and political freedoms.

Particular condemnation has been reserved for aerial bombing by government forces and for reported indiscriminate attacks by Gaddafi loyalists and mercenaries on unarmed protesters.

"Gaddafi is the enemy of God!" a crowd chanted on Saturday in Tajoura, a poor neighbourhood of Tripoli, at the funeral of a man they said was shot down by Gaddafi loyalists the day before.

Now, residents said, those security forces had disappeared.

Locals had erected barricades of rocks and palm trees across rubbish-strewn streets, and graffiti covered many walls. Bullet holes in the walls of the houses bore testimony to the violence.

The residents, still unwilling to be identified for fear of reprisals, said troops fired on demonstrators who tried to march from Tajoura to central Green Square overnight, killing at least five people. The number could not be independently confirmed.

Libyan state television again showed a crowd chanting their loyalty to Gaddafi in Tripoli's Green Square on Saturday. But journalists there estimated their number at scarcely 200.

Revolt closes in

From Misrata, a major city 200 km (120 miles) east of Tripoli, residents said by telephone that a thrust by forces loyal to Gaddafi, operating from the local airport, had been rebuffed with bloodshed by the opposition.

"There were violent clashes last night and in the early hours of the morning near the airport," one resident, Mohammed, told Reuters. "An extreme state of alert prevails in the city."

He said several mercenaries from Chad had been detained by rebels in Misrata. The report could not be verified but was similar to accounts elsewhere of Gaddafi deploying fighters brought in from African states where he has long had allies.

Protesters in Zawiyah, an oil refining town on the main coastal highway 50 km (30 miles) west of Tripoli, have fought off government forces for several nights.

At Tripoli's international airport, thousands of desperate foreign workers besieged the main gate trying to leave the country as police used batons and whips to keep them out.

Britain and France followed the United States in closing their embassies. Britain sent in air force troop carriers to take some 150 oil workers out of camps in the desert.

Libya supplies 2 percent of the world's oil, the bulk of it from wells and supply terminals in the east. The prospect of it being shut off -- as well as speculation that the unrest in the Arab world could spread to the major exporters of the Gulf -- has pushed oil prices up to highs not seen in over two years.

UN Security Council votes to impose sanctions on Gaddafi

The U.N. Security Council unanimously imposed travel and asset sanctions on Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and close aides, ratcheting up pressure on him to quit before any more blood is shed in a popular revolt against his rule.
It also adopted an arms embargo and called for the deadly crackdown against anti-Gaddafi protesters to be referred to the International Criminal Court for investigation and possible prosecution of anyone responsible for killing civilians.

Is Gaddafi living up to his nickname of "mad dog of the Middle East"?
No Flash warning
To take advantage of all the features on FRANCE24.COM, please click here to download the latest version of Flash Player.
By Catherine VIETTE
The 15-nation council passed the resolution hours after Gaddafi's police abandoned parts of the capital Tripoli to the revolt that has swept Libya and the United States bluntly told him he must go.

In the oil-rich east around the second city of Benghazi, freed a week ago by a disparate coalition of people power and defecting military units, a former minister of Gaddafi announced the formation of an "interim government" to reunite the country.

To the west in Tripoli, the 68-year-old Brother Leader's redoubt was shrinking. Reuters correspondents found residents in some neighbourhoods of the capital barricading their streets and proclaiming open defiance after security forces melted away.

Western leaders, their rhetoric emboldened by evacuations that have sharply reduced the number of their citizens stranded in the oilfields and cities of the sprawling desert state, spoke out more clearly to say Gaddafi's 41-year rule must now end.

"When a leader's only means of staying in power is to use mass violence against his own people, he has lost the legitimacy to rule and needs to do what is right for his country by leaving now," an aide to U.S. President Barack Obama said of phone talks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel over Libya.

U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice said the Security Council measures against Gaddafi and 15 other Libyans, including members of his family, were "biting sanctions" and that all those who committed crimes would be held to account.

"Those who slaughter civilians will be held personally accountable," Rice told the council after the vote. Speaking to reporters later, she praised the council's "unity of purpose".

The death toll from 10 days of violence in Libya is estimated by diplomats at about 2,000.

Talk of possible military action by foreign governments remained vague, however. It was unclear how long Gaddafi, with some thousands of loyalists -- including his tribesmen and military units commanded by his sons -- might hold out against rebel forces comprised of youthful gunmen and mutinous soldiers.

London-based Algerian lawyer Saad Djebbar, who knows a large number of Gaddafi's top officials, said that for Gaddafi staying in power had become impossible.

"It's about staying alive. (Gaddafi's) time is over," he said. "But how much damage he will cause before leaving is the question."

Tribal loyalties

One key element in the opposition's efforts to unseat him may be tribal loyalties, always a factor in the desert nation of six million and one which Gaddafi, despite official rhetoric to the contrary, tended to reinforce down the years.

His former justice minister Mustafa Mohamed Abud Ajleil, now gone over to the opposition in Benghazi, was quoted by the online edition of the Quryna newspaper as saying that an interim government, whose status remained unclear, would "forgive" his large Gaddadfa tribe for "crimes" committed by the leader.

Such declarations may be intended to erode Gaddafi's efforts to rally supporters into a do-or-die defence of the old guard.

Libya Timeline: looking back at two weeks of violence
No Flash warning
To take advantage of all the features on FRANCE24.COM, please click here to download the latest version of Flash Player.
By Nicholas RUSHWORTH
Some of those closest to Gaddafi have been deserting him and joining the opposition. On Saturday, Libya's envoy to the United States told Reuters he backed Abud Ajleil's caretaker team -- though it was unclear how much popular support that would have.

One of Gaddafi's sons, London-educated Saif al-Islam, again appeared on television on Saturday to deny that much of Libya was in revolt. But he also said: "What the Libyan nation is going through has opened the door to all options, and now the signs of civil war and foreign interference have started."

Gaddafi, once branded a "mad dog" by Washington for his support of militant groups worldwide, has been embraced by the West in recent years in return for renouncing some weapons programmes and, critically, for opening up Libya's oilfields.

While money has flowed into Libya, many people, especially in the long-restive and oil-rich east, have seen little benefit and, inspired by the popular overthrow of veteran strongmen in Tunisia and Egypt, on either side of their country, they rose up to demand better conditions and political freedoms.

Particular condemnation has been reserved for aerial bombing by government forces and for reported indiscriminate attacks by Gaddafi loyalists and mercenaries on unarmed protesters.

"Gaddafi is the enemy of God!" a crowd chanted on Saturday in Tajoura, a poor neighbourhood of Tripoli, at the funeral of a man they said was shot down by Gaddafi loyalists the day before.

Now, residents said, those security forces had disappeared.

Locals had erected barricades of rocks and palm trees across rubbish-strewn streets, and graffiti covered many walls. Bullet holes in the walls of the houses bore testimony to the violence.

The residents, still unwilling to be identified for fear of reprisals, said troops fired on demonstrators who tried to march from Tajoura to central Green Square overnight, killing at least five people. The number could not be independently confirmed.

Libyan state television again showed a crowd chanting their loyalty to Gaddafi in Tripoli's Green Square on Saturday. But journalists there estimated their number at scarcely 200.

Revolt closes in

From Misrata, a major city 200 km (120 miles) east of Tripoli, residents said by telephone that a thrust by forces loyal to Gaddafi, operating from the local airport, had been rebuffed with bloodshed by the opposition.

"There were violent clashes last night and in the early hours of the morning near the airport," one resident, Mohammed, told Reuters. "An extreme state of alert prevails in the city."

He said several mercenaries from Chad had been detained by rebels in Misrata. The report could not be verified but was similar to accounts elsewhere of Gaddafi deploying fighters brought in from African states where he has long had allies.

Protesters in Zawiyah, an oil refining town on the main coastal highway 50 km (30 miles) west of Tripoli, have fought off government forces for several nights.

At Tripoli's international airport, thousands of desperate foreign workers besieged the main gate trying to leave the country as police used batons and whips to keep them out.

Britain and France followed the United States in closing their embassies. Britain sent in air force troop carriers to take some 150 oil workers out of camps in the desert.

Libya supplies 2 percent of the world's oil, the bulk of it from wells and supply terminals in the east. The prospect of it being shut off -- as well as speculation that the unrest in the Arab world could spread to the major exporters of the Gulf -- has pushed oil prices up to highs not seen in over two years.

Zawiyah braces itself for attack as Gaddafi digs in


Libyan rebels awaited a counter-attack by Muammar Gaddafi's forces on Monday, after the country's leader defied demands that he quit to end the bloodiest of the Arab world's wave of uprisings.
Rebels holding Zawiyah, only 50 km (30 miles) west of Tripoli, said about 2,000 troops loyal to Gaddafi had surrounded the city.

"We will do our best to fight them off. They will attack soon," said a former police major who switched sides and joined the rebellion. "If we are fighting for freedom, we are ready to die for it."

Gaddafi is fighting a rebellion which has swept through his Mediterranean oil producing nation after uprisings toppled entrenched leaders in neighbouring Tunisia and Egypt. His fierce crackdown has killed hundreds, triggering U.N. sanctions and Western condemnation, but has not turned the tide of protests.

Residents even in parts of the capital Tripoli have thrown up barricades against government forces. A general in the east of the country, where Gaddafi's power has evaporated, told Reuters his forces were ready to help rebels in the west.

"Our brothers in Tripoli say: `We are fine so far, we do not need help'. If they ask for help we are ready to move," said General Ahmed el-Gatrani, one of most senior figures in the mutinous army in Benghazi.

Analysts say they expect rebels eventually to take the capital and kill or capture Gaddafi, but add that he has the firepower to foment chaos or civil war -- a prospect he and his sons have warned of.

Monday looked likely to see nervousness in oil markets. NYMEX crude for April delivery was up $1.38 at $99.25 per barrel at 0722 GMT. Libya pumps only 2 percent of world oil and Saudi Arabia has boosted output, but traders fear turmoil intensifying in the Arab world.

Serbian television quoted Gaddafi as blaming foreigners and al Qaeda for the unrest and condemning the U.N. Security Council for imposing sanctions and ordering a war crimes inquiry.

"The people of Libya support me. Small groups of rebels are surrounded and will be dealt with," he said.

Stand down calls

European powers said it was time for Gaddafi to stand down and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said the United States was "reaching out" to opposition groups.

Residents of Zawiyah told of fierce fighting against pro-Gaddafi paramilitaries armed with heavy weapons.

"Gaddafi is crazy. His people shot at us using rocket-propelled grenades," said a man who gave his name as Mustafa. Another man called Chawki said: "We need justice. People are being killed. Gaddafi's people shot my nephew."

There were queues outside banks in Tripoli on Sunday for the 500 Libyan dinars ($400) the government had promised it would start distributing to each family.

From Misrata, a city 200 km (120 miles) east of Tripoli, residents said by phone a thrust by forces loyal to Gaddafi, operating from the airport, had been rebuffed with bloodshed.

But Libyan exile groups said later aircraft were firing on the city's radio station.

In the eastern city of Benghazi, opponents of the 68-year-old leader said they had formed a National Libyan Council to be the "face" of the revolution, but it was unclear who they represented.

They said they wanted no foreign intervention and had not made contact with foreign governments.

The "Network of Free Ulema," claiming to represent "some of Libya's most senior and most respected Muslim scholars", issued a statement urging "total rebellion" and endorsing the formation of an "interim government" announced two days ago.

Foreign workers stranded

Western leaders, emboldened by evacuations that have brought home many of their citizens from the vast desert state, spoke out more clearly than before against Gaddafi.

"We have reached, I believe, a point of no return," Italy's Foreign Minister Franco Frattini said, adding it was "inevitable" that Gaddafi would leave power.

Britain revoked Gaddafi's diplomatic immunity and said it was freezing his family's assets. "It is time for Colonel Gaddafi to go," Foreign Secretary William Hague said.

Britain's former prime minister, Tony Blair, said he had spoken to Gaddafi on Friday and told him to go. Blair helped end the Western isolation of Gaddafi after he agreed to renounce weapons of mass destruction, paving the way for big British business deals in Libya.

Three British military planes evacuated 150 civilians from Libya's desert on Sunday, after a similar operation on Saturday.

Wealthy states have sent planes and ships to bring home expatriate workers but many more, from poorer countries, are stranded. Thousands of Egyptians streamed into Tunisia on Sunday, complaining Cairo had done nothing to help them.

Malta said it had refused a Libyan request to return two warplanes brought to the island by defecting pilots last Monday.

Gaddafi, once branded a "mad dog" by Washington for his support of militant groups worldwide, had been embraced by the West in recent years in return for renouncing some weapons programmes and, critically, for opening up Libya's oilfields.

While money has flowed into Libya, many people, especially in the long-restive and oil-rich east, have seen little benefit and, inspired by the popular overthrow of veteran strongmen in neighbouring Tunisia and Egypt, they rose up to demand better conditions and political freedoms.

US moves ships closer to Libya and freezes assets


The United States has begun moving warships and aircraft closer to Libya and has frozen $30 billion in Libyan assets. Skip related content
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Have your say: Libya

The White House is ramping up pressure on leader Muammar Gaddafi after calling on him to step down.

The ships could be used for humanitarian and rescue missions, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said in Geneva, where she told the UN Human Rights Council that Gaddafi was using "mercenaries and thugs" to suppress a popular uprising.

"There is not any pending military action involving US naval vessels," she said after the Pentagon announced it was moving warships and air force units closer to Libya.

The Obama administration has said military action is one option it is looking at, although many analysts say the United States is highly unlikely to launch a ground invasion or air strikes because of the volatile situation on the ground.

The Pentagon gave no details of the forces being moved, but its announcement is likely aimed at sending a signal to Gaddafi and his government that the United States is matching its sharper rhetoric of recent days with action.

Other foreign governments are also increasing the pressure on Gaddafi to leave in the hope of ending fighting that has claimed at least 1,000 lives.

Libya: Gaddafi's last stand?



Since Feb. 15 Libya has been rocked by an unprecedented movement to overthrow the regime of Muammar Gaddafi. At the helm of the North African nation for 42 years, the strongman is now struggling to retain his grip on power. The international community has almost unanimously decried the "bloodbath" inflicted on Libyans by government supporters.

Tuesday, March 16, 2010

Strike, death at Makerere University


Makerere

Makerere University students have taken to the streets after a trigger-happy guard, Richard Akasia, allegedly shot dead two and critically injured one of them at God Is Able Hostel in Marerere-Kikoni.

Police say many students had gathered at the Hostel for the final leg of the Guild election campaigns when the watchman, suspecting one of the students could have intended to damage a vehicle in the parking lot, opened fire.

Earlier reports suggested supporters of Simon Kamau, one of the contestants in the guild presidential race, clashed with those of NRM's John Taylor, prompting the shooting of the Kenyan students.

“We have arrested the suspect and is being held at Old Kampala Police Station as investigations continue,” Police Spokesperson, Judith Nabakooba, says.

A resurgent riot, just after some relative calm, is forcing the Police anti-riot crew to dash back to the campus after retreating to the city earlier in the morning.

Students wearing red gowns and brandishing tree branches have gathered at the University main building and the campus freedom square to demonstrate the killings.

Ms Nabakooba says identities of the victims are not clear due to conflicting information.

It had been reported that Brian Awaga and Simon Peter Mungeni were those shot.

Friday, March 12, 2010

LOVE SHED MANY TEARS



KAMPALA - A Kenyan student at Kampala International University (KIU) is held at Kabalagala Police station for allegedly stabbing her boyfriend to death. Jane Nyiha, a second-year student of bachelor of public administration, is accused of stabbing David Musunga Ivita in the throat, causing him to bleed to death.

She was yesterday picked from her room in Kansanga, a Kampala suburb, where she allegedly committed the crime at around 11:00am. The Police also recovered a knife which she is suspected to have used.

Musunga, also from Kenya, was a third-year student pursuing a bachelor’s degree in mass communication. He was due to sit his final exams in April and graduate in September. Almost 80% of KIU students are Kenyans.

Musunga died during examination at the university clinic where he had been rushed. The two, who had been staying in the same room, were described as long-time lovers by their landlord, John Male. "They have been friendly and calm since they rented my house in 2008. Although the boy would drink, he was generally very cool," he said.

Neighbours reported that trouble started yesterday morning when Musunga returned home drunk at 4:00am. Nyiha declined to open the door for him. The landlord narrated that Musunga spent almost an hour knocking at the door, but his girlfriend only peeped through the window, laughed and ordered him out of her sight. Musunga slept at the house of a friend, David Mwenda, who is also a Kenyan. When he returned to his room at 11:00am, a brief quarrel ensued between the two, a neighbour said. "We heard the boy groaning and wondered what had happened."

When some neighbours went to check, they said they were shocked to find the boy in a pool of blood. His girlfriend reportedly dashed to a boda-boda stage to rush the victim to the university clinic where he died on arrival. The body now lies in Nsambya Hospital.

For several hours, Police detectives cordoned off the scene of the crime. They broke the padlock of the deceased’s room and picked blood-stained bed sheets, photographs and a knife among other exhibits.

Students who knew Nyiha said she was a born-again Christian and not quarrelsome. They described the deceased as a quiet, intelligent youth. Kansanga residents complained that many of the foreign students at the university’s main campus are rowdy and indisciplined. "They drink a lot, sparking off conflicts. I often receive complaints from landlords and residents concerning the improper behaviour of Kenyan students," the LC1 chairperson, Francis Sseguya, said. He called for collaboration between the Police, the community and university authorities to guarantee security in the area.

Muhammad Ndaula, the university vice-chancellor, regretted the incident, but defended the Kenyan students. The incident is just the latest in a series of murder cases involving students over love and alcohol.

In 2007, a Kenyan student, Duncan Njogu Kamore, was expelled from Busoga University for stabbing a colleague, Paul Mogaka, after they fought over a girl. In October 2008, 17-year-old Tadeo Bukye, an S4 student of Mpanga SS in Fort Portal, was stabbed to death by a jealous girlfriend at a school party. Last year in September, Phiona Mutamba, a student of Makerere University Business School, was stabbed by her boyfriend, also a student at the same school, before he committed suicide at Workers House in the centre of Kampala

Monday, January 25, 2010

marketing politics

it has been along while prior awakening that politics isnt a dirty game given the options of non-interference in the issues that one cannot define or even explain.how could peace be achieved if people still have the mediocre perception of word politic yet there are more than myriad literature mainstreaming political ideologies into familiar domains.have we not apprehended the power of politics and the damage it can cause if not properly harnessed and carefully handled by the right characters

Tuesday, January 19, 2010

Pirates in fierce gun battle over ransom January 19, 2010 - 6:47AM

Somali pirates have fought a fierce gun battle over the share-out of a multimillion-dollar ransom within hours of the release of a Greek supertanker, witnesses say.

Machine-gun fire echoed across the coastal village of Harardhere and "there are dead bodies in the streets", one witness said.

Harardhere resident Husein Warsame said the fighting had brought the village to a standstill.

"There is no movement so far, the pirates are exchanging heavy machinegun fire inside the town and there are dead bodies in the streets."

Abdi Yare, a member of a pirate gang in the village, said two clans were disputing the ransom split.

"I have seen the body of one pirate and two injured so far but the casualties could be far higher than that," said another resident, Abdulahi Haji Mohamed.

Harardhere is a known pirate lair - 300km north of the capital, Mogadishu - where the Greek supertanker, Maran Centaurus, was held before pirates released it earlier on Monday in exchange for a reported $US9 million ($9.8 million) in ransom.

A sum of $US7 million was dropped onto the deck of the ship by plane while another $US2 million was handed over via bank transfer, according to Ecoterra International, which monitors piracy in the Indian Ocean.

The 332-metre supertanker, with its multinational crew of 28, was on its way to the South African port of Durban. It was hijacked in the Indian Ocean on November 29.

AFP

CNN correpondent performs brain op on warship January 19, 2010 - 1:11PM

ON BOARD THE USS CARL VINSON: Star CNN medical correspondent Sanjay Gupta, a practising neurosurgeon, has performed brain surgery on a 12-year-old Haitian girl aboard a US military ship.

The girl, whose name was not released, was injured in last week's devastating earthquake, and was diagnosed as having a 1.2-centimetre chunk of concrete embedded in her skull.

The ship's surgeon called for a neurosurgeon, who are in short supply in the region amid the mammoth and often chaotic rescue and recovery operation.

With the help of a CNN producer, we called CNN in Atlanta who then patched us through to Dr Gupta in Port-au-Prince," the Vinson's deputy public affairs officer Erik Schneider said.

"Someone got a hold of our international desk," Dr Gupta, 40, later recalled.

"They said there was an urgent call from the Carl Vinson. So I put a call in to them and there was something about a head injury."

Assisted by Los Angeles surgeon Henri Ford and the ship's surgeon Kathryn Berndt, Dr Gupta pulled off the surgery on Monday between his multiple reports for the international news network on the massive quake that hit the Caribbean nation.

A US Navy news report confirmed the events and added that a second operation was needed to remove a sliver of debris in the girl's skull that the medical team could not initially reach.

The girl was "neurologically intact and there wasn't any penetration of the brain," said Dr Ford, originally from Haiti.

Dr Gupta and Dr Ford said they anticipated the girl would make a full recovery.

"I was honoured to help out," Dr Gupta said afterwards.

"I have a profound respect for the capabilities of the US Navy and the medical team on board the Carl Vinson."

Dr Gupta was considered for the post of US President Barack Obama's surgeon general but withdrew his name in March last year due to family and career reasons.

AFP

Twins sharing heart to be separated

Conjoined American twin sisters have already defied expectations by living past their third birthdays.

Now their parents are hoping they'll become one of the first sets of twins sharing a heart to be successfully separated.

Emma and Taylor Bailey were born connected at the chest - sharing a liver and heart - and weren't expected to leave the hospital.

The girls, who live in the south-western US state of Arizona, exceeded medical expectations, but now have heart failure.

And their parents, Mandy and Tor Bailey, know they must be surgically separated to survive in the long term, the East Valley Tribune reported on Monday.

The Baileys have been working with a team at Seattle Children's Hospital for about two years to prepare for separation and heart transplants.

The girls have a few preliminary surgeries to go, but the family says they may be ready by the end of this year.

AP

Give adult daughter allowance, father told January 19, 2010

ROME: Adult Italians who refuse to give up the comforts of their parents' home have found a champion in a judge who ordered a father to carry on paying a living allowance to his student daughter, 32.

In a case that has provoked debate in Italy, Giancarlo Casagrande, 60, of Bergamo, risked having his assets confiscated unless he resumed paying €350 ($550) a month and €12,000 in arrears to his daughter, Marina, after he decided three years ago she was old enough to pay her own way.

With concerns growing in Italy about the 59 per cent of Italians under 34 still living at home, Roberto Calderoli, a cabinet member, called the ruling ''a slap in the face for good sense''.

Eight years after she was due to graduate with a degree in philosophy, Ms Casagrande is still working on her thesis and lives with her mother. The allowance was fixed when her parents divorced in 1997 .

''It's easy to say she is a bambocciona,'' her mother said, using the Italian slang for children who refuse to leave home, which roughly translates to big baby. ''But it's hard for children to find work today.''

Two years ago a Milan court dismissed an application by an engineer, 36, to force his father to pay a €2000 monthly allowance.

A legal expert said Mr Casagrande was easy to sue because he had broken off payments to his daughter without seeking a settlement.

Her mother said the student had been trying to make ends meet as a dance instructor and promised she was no slacker.

''Marina should graduate in March with a thesis on the holy grail,'' she said.

Guardian News & Media

Jessica and the dagger: saga of sex and a lost soul January 19, 2010 - 12:37PM

The ex-lover of jailed murderer Jessica Davies breaks his silence to Henry Samuel in Paris and Neil Tweedie

Jessica Davies used the most curious of bookmarks; her then boyfriend, Laurent Couturier, called it "the dagger".

He had bought the black-handled kitchen knife with a six inch-blade to prepare food. "It cut the best," he remembered.

Davies, then 28, English-born but raised in France, would slip it between the pages of the book she was reading while at home in her Parisian flat.

The implement became the subject of increasing fascination as the summer of 2007 wore on. Dark thoughts , which would soon find tragic expression, were marshalling in the mind of Davies, now 30, sometime catwalk model, banker's daughter and niece of a British Government minister.

As she begins a 15-year prison sentence for killing a man she had brought home, she can still not explain what drove her to do it. The answer resides somewhere in a life that promised much but which degenerated into an aimless existence characterised by alcoholism, promiscuity, drug dependency and casual, terrifying violence.

It was in August 2007 that Davies used the knife on herself, slashing her wrists in the bath in a second attempt at suicide (the first was in 2004). She sliced right down to the tendons before attacking her thighs and legs, inflicting wounds that required 27 stitches.

"I need to see blood to wake myself up to life - or leave it," she said later, admitting to harbouring thoughts of suicide from the age of 11. Unfortunately, the blood did not have to be hers.

Three months later, on the night of November 11, the niece of Quentin Davies, the Conservative-turned-Labour MP and Minister for Defence Equipment and Support, used the knife again, sinking it five inches deep into the throat of Olivier Mugnier.

Mr Mugnier, 24, jobless and carefree, had made the mistake of accepting the offer of a one-night stand at Davies's flat, in the affluent suburb of St Germain-en-Laye, after meeting her in O'Sullivan's, an Irish bar five minutes from her home.

When the police arrived at the flat to find him dying in a pool of blood, Davies explained how she had initially used the knife to open a bottle of wine. Her victim had been too drunk to make love and was sitting up with his back to her.

"I just wanted to cut him a little but the knife went in by itself," she later explained. "I remember a strange sensation, which must have been the knife going in, but no image at all. It was profoundly shocking and must have been the jolt that snapped me out of the state I was in.

"I remember being on the phone to the emergency services, one hand on the receiver, the other pressed to his throat."

She told the paramedics: "I am a monster", before being ushered by a female police officer into the tiny bathroom. As the ambulancemen worked frantically to stem the tide of blood issuing from the victim's throat, Davies was examining herself in the mirror, grabbing a hairbrush and saying: "I look a state." How had she reached that point of near insanity?

Born in London in February 1979, she was educated in France. Hers should have been a starred life. Beautiful, intelligent and regarded by those who knew her as a kind and sensitive person, she also enjoyed the privileges of wealth - her father Richard, brother of Quentin, was successful in finance.

But there were shadows, too. During her childhood, her maternal grandmother made repeated attempts to kill herself. There was instability in her father's family, too. His brother Julian was a schizophrenic who tried to kill his mother over the alleged non-payment of a debt.

Davies's capacity for erratic behaviour was evident in her attempt to burn her school down, followed by her transfer to boarding school. Her parents' divorce and the departure of her father to Italy with his lover further undermined her increasingly fragile mental state.

When her mother, Monique, left Paris, Davies lived alone in an apartment provided by her father, who put pressure on her to find a job after a lacklustre university career at Toulouse.

A fledgling career in modelling - she worked for the French mail-order firm, La Redoute - failed to take off, and she worked intermittently in bars and offices, relying on money from her parents.

Hanging out in bars became her primary pastime, together with drugs, including ecstasy, cocaine and various kinds of antidepressant, and casual sex.

Her friend, Lubomira Ratzov, 29, said: "I thought they would tell me she had killed herself, not someone else. She has an inner anger that she takes out on herself, not others. She's a very generous person who wants to help people. She's a very intelligent, beautiful girl. The boys were all mad about her but didn't know where they stood with her. She wanted the life of a couple, but she was not shy and did not have problems going with a boy on the first night. She appeared very self-assured, but that was not the real Jessica. Jessica was a girl who was hurting inside.

"The way she treated men was a form of revenge on her father. She told me in a very light, detached way that she had tried to commit suicide."

Davies maintained regular contact with her uncle Quentin. "We write to each other," she said. "He's someone I admire, for his success, his convictions and his humanism. We discussed the French Revolution. He's very cultured."

She found a degree of stability with Mr Couturier, now 38, their often-tempestuous relationship lasting two years. When it finally dissolved in mid-2007, Davies tried to kill herself.

"We had recently split up," he explained. "I was worried not to have news, not to be able to reach her at work.

"I had the keys and let myself in to her flat. I found a letter to her mother.

"Then I went into the bathroom. There was blood everywhere, the bath was full of blood-coloured water.

"I thought she was dead, but discovered that she was in hospital.

"In her personality, she turned violence against herself.

"If we had a fight, her instinct was to leave. My explanation is that she was very much in love [with me] and this relationship failed and that was the spark for the killing.

"She drank huge amounts of alcohol, up to 15 pints of Guinness, much more than I could bear. And she was on medication."

Despite their split, the couple slept together the night before the murder.

"I never had feelings of guilt that it should have been me who was murdered. We spent two years together. I think if it was supposed to happen to me, it would have happened before."

He continues to visit her in jail.

"Even if we were together tomorrow, I wouldn't fear for my life. She still can't understand what happened."

His mother, Anie Erny Beaufils, remembered: "Never, never, never was she violent. She wouldn't hurt a fly. She was a very sensitive girl.

"She was very in love with Laurent, but couldn't leave him. They were like Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton: two strong characters who kept splitting up and getting back together.

"He adored her; she was his doll. He was much older than her and very protective. He didn't want to leave her alone.

"Both of them were depressed and taking the same medication, Effexor. It's very strong and one should absolutely not drink with it.

"She was a highly intelligent girl with an extraordinary IQ. I was like a mother to Jessica, she would confide in me even more than her own mother. She had only good things to say about her own family, her mother, father and uncle.

"She had lots of lovers, as she needed someone to hold her, but you couldn't keep her down because she wasn't stable in her head, always on antidepressants.

"If I had known more about her childhood, I would have done more to help. Never did she speak about her suicidal grandmother and her uncle Julian's mental illness."

A psychiatric report on Davies pointed to her father's failure to exercise his authority during her adolesence and her mother's "invasive" presence.

Her father admitted in court that he had been "poorly placed" to assess his daughter's situation following his departure for Italy, but he denied that she had intended to kill Mr Mugnier.

She had, he said, been "traumatised" by some events in her life.

The psychiatric report stated: "She [Davies] had a tendency to seek refuge in a parallel world. Her amnesia over the facts appears genuine and she had serious narcissistic problems, she had a destructiveness and a borderline personality.

"Olivier was a means of separating from her partner. She had ambivalent feelings of desire and hatred towards men. He was a pure sexual object. Olivier failed to fill the void of Jessica Davies. And instead of taking it out on herself, Olivier freed her destructiveness."

Davies's mother has still not absorbed the fact that her daughter will be in prison for up to 15 years.

"I have tried to explain what happened to myself, but I cannot," she said. "This isn't at all like my daughter. She is a nice girl."

The Telegraph, ,London


* Support is available for anyone who may be distressed by calling SANE Helpline 1800 18 7263; Lifeline 131 114; Salvo Crisis Line 9331 2000; beyondblue 1300 22 46 36.

Billionaire wins Chilean presidency

A billionaire media magnate, Sebastian Pinera, is to become the next president of Chile after a runoff election on Sunday that put an end to a 20-year hold on power by the left-wing coalition of outgoing head-of-state Michelle Bachelet.

Bachelet's defeated candidate, Eduardo Frei, a former president himself, conceded defeat after an official count of most ballots showed Pinera had picked up 52 per cent to his 48 per cent.

Bachelet was constitutionally barred from seeking another term.

The victory by Pinera, 60, marked the defeat of the Concertacion coalition of four left-wing and centrist parties that had governed Chile since the 1990 exit of dictator General August Pinochet.

Pinera, who owns one of Chile's four television networks and a big stake in flagship airline LAN among many other business interests, is seen likely to continue social policies that left Bachelet with sky-high popularity ratings of about 80 per cent.

But, in a victory speech before 30,000 supporters, he promised reforms to "break down the walls dividing us and build new bridges to bring us together".

He told Concertacion's defeated rival Frei that "our country needs unity - the problems facing us today are big and challenging and require unity."

When he cast his ballot, he said the change he represented would be "like opening the window to let fresh air in".

Pinera easily won the first round of the presidential elections on December 13, but then saw his lead narrow to a statistical dead heat with Frei as Bachelet leveraged her popularity in defence of her candidate.

In the end, he squeaked through, according to an official count from 60 per cent of polling stations.

Complete results were expected by the early hours of Monday.

Bachelet, who had assured the electorate she would welcome whoever won, telephoned Pinera to congratulate him.

Frei also wished his rival luck.

"The majority of Chileans gave him their trust to direct the fate of the country for the next four years," he said as he conceded the race.

"I hope that what will prevail will be dialogue, the search for consensus and the retention of social conquests that were hard-won and which have been transformed into a symbol of our relationship with the world," he said.

Some 8.3 million people were eligible to vote in Chile, one of Latin America's most prosperous nations.

Interior Minister Edmundo Perez Yoma confirmed Pinera's victory by saying: "The country today wanted a change. It has swung to the right, and we wish the new government all the best."

Some of the first issues Pinera will have to address, however, are potential conflicts of interest highlighted by Bachelet in the run-up to Sunday's election.

Pinera, who Forbes magazine says has a fortune of $US1.2 billion ($A1.3 billion), has investments in many activities in Chile, and the outgoing president suggested strongly that maintaining them could raise serious questions.

He has sought to dodge the tag his critics put upon him that he was the Chilean version of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi, notably by setting up a blind trust to handle much of his fortune and promising to divest his 26-per cent stake in LAN before taking office March 11.

He said, however, that he would hold on to his football club.

Venezuela seizes three banks, two others closed

The Venezuelan government of Hugo Chavez seized three banks and ordered two other financial institutions closed, as the country reeled from a currency devaluation he hopes will improving cratering state finances.

"In order to guarantee a healthy national banking and financial system, the board... has decided to intervene (with regard to) the following firms: InverUnion Banco Comercial; Banco Del Sol; and Mi Casa," banking regulator Sudeban said in a statement.

The closures come despite warnings that now regular business seizures could further spook foreign investors and undermine Chavez's efforts to put state revenues on a solid footing.

The nationalization of eight small- and medium-sized institutions last year prompted fears of a run on the country's banks, as investors moved to withdraw funds. It also sparked a dip in Venezuelan bonds and the country's currency in free trading.

The banking regulator defended Monday's move as a boost to the sector's stability, claiming the three seized banks were facing "serious administrative and managerial problems that resulted in insufficient liquidity to cover their short-term obligations."

Sudeban also closed down investment bank Baninvest and Banco Real Banco de Desarrollo, "due to inefficient operations" and announced that the banks' clients would not have immediate access to their deposits.

The government currently controls around 25 percent of the banking sector, largely due to the purchase of the Banco de Venezuela from the Spain's Santander group in 2009.

Venezuela's National Assembly on December 15 passed a banking reform law giving the state more power to regulate the sector, a move that coincided with Chavez's drive to revamp national finances, with an eye on legislative elections next year, observers said.

Supporters of Chavez had faced a tough fight at the polls, as the government saw its ability to woo supporters with popular spending programs curbed by evaporating state revenue.

In an effort to increase oil revenue Chavez earlier this month announced the bolivar would trade at 4.30 against the dollar for "non-essential" goods -- double the previous rate -- and a rate of 2.60 bolivars against the dollar for basic goods.

The Venezuelan military then moved to shutter 70 firms, including a European-backed supermarket, amid panic buying by customers who feared imminent price hikes.

The currency move is already being felt by firms exporting to Venezuela. Goodyear, a US tire company, on Monday said the devaluation would cost it 150 million US dollars in the first three months of this year.

© 2010 AFP
This story is sourced direct from an overseas news agency as an additional service to readers. Spelling follows North American usage, along with foreign currency and measurement units.

China denies 'selective rescue' in Haiti January 19, 2010 - 8:14PM

China angrily has denied accusations that its rescue team in Haiti was only searching for Chinese nationals missing after last week's devastating earthquake.

"Concerning the comments that Chinese rescuers only rescue Chinese, these comments are false and are made out of ulterior motives," foreign ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu told reporters on Tuesday.

"The Chinese rescue team departed China immediately after the quake. They not only found the bodies of the Chinese peacekeepers, they also found the bodies of UN officers in Haiti and many others."

The 60-strong Chinese medical team in Haiti has already treated more than 200 locals and China has air-lifted rescue supplies and aid to the devastated country, he said.

"These actions are not selfish and brook no accusations. The accusers should be accused," Ma said, after media reports about China's contribution to the humanitarian operation in Haiti.

"Our rescue team and Chinese peacekeepers have made a great contribution to the relief efforts. We have won high appraisal from relevant parties, including the secretary general of the United Nations."

Tens of thousands were killed in the 7.0-magnitude quake that struck Haiti on January 12, with an estimated quarter of a million injured and 1.5 million left homeless.

Ma said China would consider a UN request for nations to help provide an additional 3,500 peacekeepers to help maintain order in Haiti, but made no firm commitment.

The bodies of eight Chinese peacekeepers killed in the quake were on Tuesday repatriated and given a state funeral, including a procession down the Avenue of Heavenly Peace, the capital's main thoroughfare, past Tiananmen Square.

"They sacrificed their lives for the maintenance of peace. Here I would like to express deep condolences," Ma said.

© 2010 AFP

Cadbury agrees to £11.5 bln takeover by Kraft January 19, 2010 - 9:39PM

Cadbury has agreed to a takeover from US food giant Kraft worth 840 pence per share or 11.5 billion pounds (13.1 billion euros, 18.9 billion US dollars), the two firms said on Tuesday.

"The board of Kraft Foods is pleased to announce the detailed terms of a recommended final offer for Cadbury and the board of Cadbury unanimously recommends Cadbury security holders to accept the terms," a statement said.

The US firm proposes to pay 500 pence in cash and 0.1874 new Kraft Foods shares per Cadbury share. That would value each Cadbury share at 840 pence.

"In addition, Cadbury shareholders will be entitled to receive 10 pence per Cadbury share by way of a special dividend following the date on which the final offer becomes or is declared unconditional," the statement added.

"The terms of the final offer reflect the strength of Cadbury's business, its brands and the future potential for growth through the combination of Kraft Foods and Cadbury."

© 2010 AFP
This story is sourced direct from an overseas news agency as an additional service to readers. Spelling follows North American usage, along with foreign currency and measurement units.

Cadbury agrees to £11.5 bln takeover by Kraft January 19, 2010 - 9:39PM

Cadbury has agreed to a takeover from US food giant Kraft worth 840 pence per share or 11.5 billion pounds (13.1 billion euros, 18.9 billion US dollars), the two firms said on Tuesday.

"The board of Kraft Foods is pleased to announce the detailed terms of a recommended final offer for Cadbury and the board of Cadbury unanimously recommends Cadbury security holders to accept the terms," a statement said.

The US firm proposes to pay 500 pence in cash and 0.1874 new Kraft Foods shares per Cadbury share. That would value each Cadbury share at 840 pence.

"In addition, Cadbury shareholders will be entitled to receive 10 pence per Cadbury share by way of a special dividend following the date on which the final offer becomes or is declared unconditional," the statement added.

"The terms of the final offer reflect the strength of Cadbury's business, its brands and the future potential for growth through the combination of Kraft Foods and Cadbury."

© 2010 AFP
This story is sourced direct from an overseas news agency as an additional service to readers. Spelling follows North American usage, along with foreign currency and measurement units.

Looters prey upon quake-ravaged Haiti STEPHANE JOURDAIN January 19, 2010 - 11:24AM

Roving bands of hundreds of looters on Monday swarmed across Port-au-Prince, while police and military officials tasked with protecting Haiti's quake-stricken capital were nowhere to be found.

World leaders have promised to dispatch additional police, troops, marines and UN peacekeepers to the city which has spiralled into chaos and despair after being levelled by a massive earthquake nearly a week ago.

But for now, the commercial heart of Haiti's shattered capital remains firmly in the hands of the thieves and vandals, who make off with whatever has not been damaged beyond use.

Looters roamed from shop to shop, some clearly survivors scavenging for food and water, as the unrest across the region was stoked by a delay in supplies reaching hundreds of thousands of people desperate for aid.

But others on the rampage on Port-au-Prince's lawless streets appeared to be simply marauders availing themselves of whatever goods they might be able to use or sell at a later time.

And not all of the city's looting victims were merchants.

"I wanted to get my possessions from my house but the looters prevented me from doing so," said one distraught elderly man, near what remains of his rubble-strewn home.

"They've already stolen almost everything I own: my rice, my spaghetti, my milk," the old man said disconsolately.

Occasionally, one or two isolated police officers fired shots into the air in an effort to stop the looting in the city centre but they were vastly outnumbered by the masses of looters, who scattered briefly, if at all, before returning to their plundering.

Widespread looting on Sunday led Haitian police to open fire on a crowd in the capital, killing at least one man who was shot in the head, as others ransacked a supermarket.

"Incidents of violence and looting are on the rise as the desperation grows," warned the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

Roaming gangs of looters steal anything they can find: sneakers, fabric, music stereos. Everything is up for grabs.

International officials overseeing relief operations on Monday said they were painfully aware of the need for additional troops and police to get vital aid to quake survivors - and to restore a semblance of order as Haiti struggles to emerge from the worst catastrophe to befall the poor Caribbean nation.

UN chief Ban Ki-moon requested 3,500 extra troops and police to boost his battered mission in Haiti as the world body's death toll from the disaster rose to 46, with hundreds of staff still unaccounted for.

Speaking to reporters after briefing the Security Council on his six-hour visit to the devastated Haitian capital on Sunday, Ban said he had requested that the UN mission, known as MINUSTAH, be considerably beefed up.

Vital aid and a surge in US military personnel to Haiti on Monday brought a drip of hope to despairing survivors still seeking basic supplies and security nearly a week after the killer quake.

About 1,700 US troops were already on the ground as part of the humanitarian response and in a bid to provide desperately needed security to back up those efforts.

And food rations provided by the United Nations and humanitarian organisations slowly began to trickle out to Haiti's desperate recipients.

Meanwhile, more than 2,200 Marines arrived aboard the amphibious ship USS Bataan, boosting overall US troop numbers to 7,000 either in Haiti or offshore.

And Lieutenant-General Ken Keen, US commander of the joint task force in Haiti, said there would be 10,000 US troops in the area in coming weeks.

Pot bill signed into law in US state January 19, 2010 - 12:59PM AP

New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine has signed legislation granting chronically ill patients legal access to marijuana.

Corzine's office said the governor signed the bill late on Monday, his last full day in office. Governor-elect Chris Christie will be sworn in on Tuesday.

New Jersey is the 14th state to allow patients with diseases such as cancer, AIDS, glaucoma and multiple sclerosis to use marijuana to alleviate their pain and other symptoms.

The legislation allows for dispensaries to be set up around the state where patients with prescriptions can access the drug.

Growing marijuana at home will remain illegal, as will driving while high.

Assembly sponsor Reed Gusciora says New Jersey's medicinal marijuana law is the strictest in the country.

Lawlessness, health crisis loom over Haiti DAVE CLARK January 19, 2010 - 8:09PM

Lawlessness, health crisis loom over Haiti
DAVE CLARK
January 19, 2010 - 8:09PM


Troops struggled Tuesday to control looters in the ruined Haiti capital amid urgent efforts to speed up aid deliveries to hundreds of thousands of survivors of a devastating earthquake.

A health crisis also loomed as a week after the 7.0-magnitude tremor aid workers struggled to tend to the homeless and injured amid deteriorating security in the stricken capital Port-au-Prince.

The United Nations said Tuesday more than 90 people had been pulled out alive so far, but with hopes of finding any more survivors in the rubble fading, relief efforts were focusing on the estimated quarter of a million injured and 1.5 million left homeless.

The Security Council was expected Tuesday to approve a request for 3,500 extra UN troops and police to be deployed to help curb lawlessness.

Even as pledges of improved security were made, thousands of homeless Haitians were prey to roving bands of looters swarming through the ruins of Port-au-Prince, with police and military officials tasked with protecting the vulnerable populace nowhere to be found.

Officials have expressed fears the final death toll may top 200,000 -- if it is ever known at all -- while a government minister said Sunday that 70,000 bodies had already been buried.

A lucky few survivors received treatment from surgeons on a US Navy ship floating kilometers (miles) from Port-au-Prince, but the medics aboard were frustrated at not being able to do more.

Related article: Babies pulled from the rubble

Secretary General Ban Ki-moon requested 3,500 more troops and police for the battered UN mission that was trying to bring stability to the dysfunctional Caribbean state even before disaster struck.

The UN peacekeeping mission -- which had its headquarters destroyed in the January 12 earthquake -- had been deployed in Haiti since 2004 to help stabilize the country, already the poorest in the Western Hemisphere.

More than 2,200 Marines had arrived aboard the amphibious ship USS Bataan, boosting overall US troop numbers to 7,000 either in Haiti or offshore.

Approximately 1,700 US troops were already on the ground overseeing the aid effort and trying to provide desperately needed security. US commanders promised more than 10,000 personnel in total would be in the disaster zone in the coming weeks.

"We will stay as long as is required," said Major General Cornell Wilson. "We are working in conjunction and coordination with UN forces and the government of Haiti for security issues."

Related article: UN chief seeks 3,500 reinforcements for UN mission in Haiti

US President Barack Obama proposed a joint US-Brazilian-Canadian leadership for relief efforts as the scale of the disaster overwhelmed the international humanitarian operation. Related article: US to accept Haiti orphans

Obama suggested to Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva that the three countries "should lead and coordinate efforts by the international community of Haiti donors and other parties," a Brazilian government official said.

EU nations promised more than 600 million US dollars in aid and reconstruction funds but Dominican President Leonel Fernandez estimated 10 billion US dollars over five years would be needed to help Haiti recover.

In the stinking capital Port-au-Prince, where corpses lay abandoned under the rubble and palace gardens were turned into putrid slums, groups of survivors roamed the streets to scrounge supplies.

Troops in combat gear fired off rounds and hauled some people to the ground to try to stop the worst of the pillaging.

Scene: For thousands, Haiti healing pivots on an amputation

Looters roamed from shop to shop, some clearly survivors scavenging for food and water, as the unrest across the region was stoked by a delay in supplies reaching the hundreds of thousands who have been without a steady source of food or water since the quake struck.

"I wanted to get my possessions from my house, but the looters prevented me," wailed one distraught elderly man near what remains of his rubble-strewn home.

The International Committee of the Red Cross warned that violence by desperate Haitians was growing.

"Prices for food and transport have skyrocketed since last Tuesday and incidents of violence and looting are on the rise as the desperation grows," it said in a statement.

Related article: Looters prey upon quake-ravaged Haitian capital

Aid was trickling through to the needy though and UN agencies said field hospitals and food distribution had multiplied in and around the capital.

Around 105,000 food rations and 20,000 tents were distributed Monday by the World Food Programme and humanitarian groups from neighbouring Dominican Republic, a Haitian official said.

Amid the death and desperation the life-affirming tales of survival that had provided glimmers of hope in preceding days were drying up, although an 18-month-old baby was found alive on Monday.

Emergency workers expanded their operations to battered communities outside of Port-au-Prince, including Gressier, Petit Goave, and Leogane, which were all leveled by the quake.

© 2010 AFP
This story is sourced direct from an overseas news agency as an additional service to readers. Spelling follows North American usage, along with foreign currency and measurement units.

Friday, May 15, 2009

kasovo crisis

"We gave everyone in the town a chance to leave," said the Serb police major, responsible for sacking the village of Prekaz in Kosovo province (Chris Hedges, New York Times, 03/09/98). Doesn't this sound just too familiar? Didn't Ratko Mladic, commander of Serb forces that overrun Srebrenica in summer 1995, said something similar about "giving everyone in town of Srebrenica a chance to leave?"

So, if Bosnian Muslims and Kosovo Albanians volunteered to abandon their homes and possessions, rubber-stamping the Serbian policies of "ethnic cleansing," their lives would be generously spared.



"Solution lies in dialogue," said the boss of above-mentioned police major. Doesn't this sound all too familiar, too? Serbian interior ministry reports 200 terrorist attacks since 1991 on Kosovo. However, the UCK (KLA: Kosovo Liberation Army) is around only for somewhat more than a year - benefiting mostly from a spin-off of smuggled AK rifles and other weapons looted from Albanian military during the recent upheavals in Albania (650,000 rifles were looted), and the Serb's loss of the Drenica region to KLA is just a few months old. Actually, Kosovo Albanian leaders shunned from armed struggle hoping for and continuously asking for dialogue in the past ten years. One of the reasons why Ibrahim Rugova, the leader of largest political bloc among Kosovo Albanians, lost so much support among his people lately, is his stubborn adherence to dialogue. As it did in Bosnia, Serbian regime again declares it's willingness for a dialogue, while in reality blocks any initiative that could lead to one. Fehmi Agani, one of the leading Albanian cause spokesmen said for B92 that the sudden Serbian government call for a dialogue, after they massacred women and children, is unearnest.
As they claimed in Bosnia that Bosnian Muslims shelled Sarajevo themselves, I've just heard Yugoslav ambassador in Zagreb saying that Kosovo kids were killed by Kosovo terorist leaders not wanting them to escape and give their positions. Other events confirm the use of the same tactics that Serbia used in Bosnian and Croatian wars:

Serbs again refuse to let international humanitarian organizations (as reported by ICRC) through to help care about refugees and displaced persons,
they refuse international mediation (Albanian leader Azem Vlassi suggested European envoy Felipe Gonzales) in the dialogue and
they disallow peaceful protests as they turned away Prishtina women that attempted a march on Drenica carrying a loaf of bread each.
In fact, nobody in Serbian government and, which is more sad, in Serbian political opposition, ever seriously thought about opening a dialogue with Kosovo Albanians. After all, neither did Russians ever consider a dialogue with Chechens, nor had the French been willing to accept a dialogue with Algerians, while Brits just recently, and only under the U.S. pressure, sat at the same table with Shin Fein's Garry Adams. Serbia behave as any other colonial power, which made Albanians in Kosovo learn their lesson: dialogue is futile. Nobody would listen to their case until the world media started reporting on the existence of KLA.

European powers are poorly equipped to deal with this crisis: Russians do not want to see Kosovo in Albanian hands, because that would spark a precedent for the situation in Chechenya; England perhaps see the similarity between KLA and IRA; France didn't give up Algeria without a fight, so it should show some understanding for Serbia today. In fact, currently the Serbian minority in Kosovo is smaller than French minority was in Algeria before that war, that France defended in front of the world community as the "internal French question." Doesn't that sound awfully familiar, too?

European powers reluctance to act against the fellow colonialist power already created one very bloody debacle for the international community: Bosnia. It is, therefore, imperative now, in the case of Kosovo, to act immediately and preventively. Check here the latest from State Department, U.S Congress and Contact Group on that issue. Human Rights Watch suggested that International War Crimes Tribunal should start prosecuting crimes against humanity in Kosovo holding Belgrade authorities liable for them, and the Tribunal said that it might do just that. Helsinki Citizens Assembly called upon sending peace-keepers to the region when there is still some peace to be kept. Society for Threatened Peoples (Gesellschaft fuer Bedrohte Voelker) wrote a report on recent human rights abuses in Kosovo by Serbian police with an emphasis on arbitrary detentions, interogations and beatings of Albanians who have relatives living and working in Germany. Sanjaki Refugee Center, comprised of Muslims "ethnically cleansed" from Serbian region of Sandjak, warns about t

Saturday, April 25, 2009

Questions of proportionality



Other incidents have raised concerns for these reasons, together with a second legal concept - proportionality.

This demands that the military gain of a particular operation be proportional to the likely or actual civilian losses incurred in carrying it out.

As Fred Abrahams, a senior researcher at Human Rights Watch puts it: "Even if you have a legitimate target you can’t just drop 10-tonne bombs on it."

Gaza medic rushes injured child into hospital
Questions of proportionality rest on intention as much as the numbers of people killed and injured

Five sisters in the Balousha family were killed as they slept together as, apparently, a nearby Hamas-linked mosque was bombed in Jabaliya refugee camp on the second day of Operation Cast Lead.

HRW is calling for an investigation. "Was the mosque a legitimate target? We have our doubts… Did they use weaponry that would limit damage to civilians? We have our serious doubts," says Mr Abrahams.

In this case, Capt. Rutland said the IDF had no record of a target in that specific area at that time, and gave no further explanation for the girls’ deaths.

A further case is the bombing of a truck that Israel initially said was loaded with missiles.

B’Tselem and the truck's owner – who said his son died along with seven other people – later said it was carrying oxygen canisters for welding. Israel maintains the warehouse the canisters were loaded from had been known to house weapons in the past.

How good was Israel's intelligence? How likely was it, for example, that at the moment of decision, the information might turn out to be wrong? And did the potential gains outweigh the possible losses?

Professor Sands says proportionality is "very, very difficult."

"What's proportionate in the eyes of one person may be disproportionate in the eyes of another," he says.

The difference in numbers in the Gaza war is stark - Palestinians say more than 500 Gazans have died in eight days, compared with 18 Israelis from rocket fire since 2001.

But experts say issues ranging from the parties' intentions, the reasons for going to war, the actions taken to protect - or indeed expose - civilians, and the conditions on the ground, all feed into a much more complicated legal equation.

Israel says lawyers are constantly consulted in its operations. It says it takes all possible steps to minimise civilian casualties.

Guided weapons are used; telephone warnings are often given before buildings are bombed; the IDF says missions have been aborted because civilians were seen at the target.

And it says its enemy is far from a standard army: "We're talking about an entire government whose entire raison d’etre is the defeat of Israel … and all of whose energies are directed at attacking Israeli civilians," says Capt. Rutland.

Witnesses and analysts confirm that Hamas fires rockets from within populated civilian areas, and all sides agree that the movement flagrantly violates international law by targeting civilians with its rockets.

But while B’Tselem's Ms Montell describes the rocket fire as a "blatant war crime", she adds: "I certainly would not expect my government to act according to the standard Hamas has set for itself - we demand a higher standard."

Gaza conflict: Who is a civilian?



Gaza conflict: Who is a civilian?

Hamas-run Interior Ministry
The Interior Ministry was hit in the first strike targeting a government building

By Heather Sharp
BBC News, Jerusalem

The bloodied children are clearly civilians; men killed as they launch rockets are undisputedly not. But what about the 40 or so young Hamas police recruits on parade who died in the first wave of Israel's bombing campaign in Gaza?

And weapons caches are clearly military sites – but what about the interior ministry, hit in a strike that killed two medical workers; or the money changer's office, destroyed last week injuring a boy living on the floor above?

As the death toll mounts in Gaza, the thorny question is arising of who and what can be considered a legitimate military target in a territory effectively governed by a group that many in the international community consider a terrorist organisation.

This is also the group that won the Palestinian legislative elections in January 2006 and a year later consolidated its control by force.

So while it was behind a campaign of suicide attacks in Israel and fires rockets indiscriminately over the border, it is also in charge of schools, hospitals, sewage works and power plants in Gaza.

International law

Israel says it is operating totally within humanitarian law, but human rights groups fear it is stretching the boundaries.

And as ground forces clash in the heavily-populated Gaza Strip, the questions will become more pressing.

International law’s rules on keeping civilian casualties to a minimum are based on the distinction between "combatants" and "non-combatants".


Our definition is that anyone who is involved with terrorism within Hamas is a valid target. This ranges from the strictly military institutions and includes the political institutions that provide the logistical funding and human resources for the terrorist arm
Benjamin Rutland
IDF spokesman

As Israel launched the first air strikes, outgoing Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said: "You - the citizens of Gaza - are not our enemies. Hamas, Jihad and the other terrorist organisations are your enemies, as they are our enemies."

But when an Israeli military spokesman also says things like "anything affiliated with Hamas is a legitimate target," things get complicated.

The International Committee of the Red Cross - guardian of the Geneva Conventions on which international humanitarian law is based - defines a combatant as a person "directly engaged in hostilities".

But Israeli Defence Forces spokesman Captain Benjamin Rutland told the BBC: "Our definition is that anyone who is involved with terrorism within Hamas is a valid target. This ranges from the strictly military institutions and includes the political institutions that provide the logistical funding and human resources for the terrorist arm."

Philippe Sands, Professor of International Law at University College London, says he is not aware of any Western democracy having taken so broad a definition.

"Once you extend the definition of combatant in the way that IDF is apparently doing, you begin to associate individuals who are only indirectly or peripherally involved… it becomes an open-ended definition, which undermines the very object and purpose of the rules that are intended to be applied."

Indeed, Hamas itself has been quoted as saying the fact that most Israelis serve in the military justifies attacks on civilian areas.

Hamas policemen

The first wave of bombings, which targeted police stations across Gaza, is a key case in question - particularly the strike that killed at least 40 trainees on parade.

Analysts say Hamas policemen are responsible for quashing dissent and rooting out spies, as well as tackling crime and directing traffic.

But the Israeli human rights group B'Tselem, which has raised the issue in a letter to Israel’s attorney general, says it appears those killed were being trained in first aid, human rights and maintaining public order.

The IDF says it has intelligence that members of the police force often "moonlight" with rocket squads, but has given no details about the specific sites or individuals targeted.


To claim that all of those offices are legitimate targets, just because they are affiliated with Hamas, is legally flawed and extremely problematic
B’Tselem director Jessica Montell

However, campaign group Human Rights Watch (HRW) argues that even if police members do double as Hamas fighters, they can only be legally attacked when actually participating in military activities.

Both B’Tselem and HRW are also concerned about the targeting of ostensibly civilian sites such as a university, mosques and government buildings.

Protocol 1 of the Geneva Conventions - quoted by Israel, although not signed by it - says that for a site to be a legitimate military target it must "make an effective contribution to military action" and its destruction or neutralisation must also offer "a definite military advantage".

Israel says it has bombed mosques because they are used to store weapons, releasing video of the air strikes which it says shows secondary explosions as its proof.

But it gives no evidence for its claims that laboratories at the Islamic University, which it bombed heavily, were used for weapons research, or for its claims that at least three money changers targeted were involved in “the transfer of funds for terrorist activities”.

This is because Israel rarely releases intelligence material for fear of endangering the lives of its sources, Capt. Rutland says.

However, on its targeting of the education, interior and foreign ministries and the parliament building, Israel simply argues they are part of the Hamas infrastructure – and there is no difference between its political and military wings.

"To claim that all of those offices are legitimate targets, just because they are affiliated with Hamas, is legally flawed and extremely problematic," says B’Tselem director Jessica Montell.

Q&A: Gaza conflict

Three weeks after it began its offensive in the Gaza Strip, Israel announced a unilateral ceasefire, followed hours later by Hamas announcing a one-week ceasefire. The BBC News website looks at the background to the conflict and what the ceasefire means.

Why has Israel declared a ceasefire and what are its terms?

The ceasefire was unilaterally declared by Israel, 22 days after its offensive began. Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert told the nation Hamas had been "badly beaten" and that Israel's goals "have been more than fully achieved". The goals had been to stop rocket fire into southern Israel and, in the words of Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni, "to change realities on the ground".

Israel has been under intense diplomatic pressure to end its action and a day before the ceasefire received assurances from the United States that it would take concrete steps to halt the flow of arms and explosives into the Gaza Strip.

Israel said its soldiers would remain inside Gaza for the time being and reserve the right to strike back if militants continued to launch attacks.

How did Hamas react?

Hamas rejected Israel's ceasefire in advance, saying it would fight on. Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhoum said Israel must withdraw its troops and end its 19-month blockade of the strip.

Hours after the ceasefire began, at 0200 (0000 GMT) on 18 January, Hamas militants shot at Israeli troops in northern Gaza, drawing return fire, and fired rockets into southern Israel, triggering an Israeli air strike in response, the Israeli military said.

But then the group announced its own immediate one-week ceasefire, demanding that Israel withdraw its forces from the Gaza Strip.

Hamas' deputy chief in Syria, Moussa Abou Marzouk, also reiterated long-standing demands for all the crossings to be re-opened for the entry of humanitarian aid, food and other necessities.

Why did the Israelis launch their 27 December offensive?

The Israelis say they attacked in order to stop the firing of rockets into Israel. Israel wants all firing to stop and measures to be taken to prevent Hamas from re-arming. It is trying to destroy or reduce Hamas as a fighting force and to capture its stocks of weapons to help achieve this.

The Israeli attack began on 27 December 2008, not long after Hamas had announced that it would not renew a ceasefire that had started in June 2008.

Why did Hamas not renew the ceasefire?

The six-month ceasefire, brokered by the Egyptians, was often broken in practice. Its terms were never written, but were widely understood to include Hamas ending all rocket fire from Gaza and weapons smuggling from Egypt, while Israel stopped military activity against militants in the strip and carried out a phased lifting of its blockade of Gaza. Negotiations on the captured Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit were also supposed to begin.

Rocket fire was greatly reduced, though not completely stopped, for the first few months of the truce. The volume of goods allowed into Gaza also increased for some of the time, but remained well below pre-embargo levels.

Events began to come to a climax after the Israelis carried out their first incursion into southern Gaza during the truce, killing six militants, on 4 November 2008. Israel said its troops entered to destroy a tunnel which could be used to abduct its soldiers. This led to the further firing of Hamas missiles into Israel and in turn to a much tighter Israel blockade.

Hamas said Israel had broken the truce by failing to lift the blockade; Israel said Hamas had used the period to smuggle more rockets into Gaza, was planting explosive devices on the border fence and had not stopped the rocket fire completely.

Hamas demanded that the blockade be ended or it would not renew the ceasefire.

Why does Hamas fire missiles into Israel?

Hamas is an acronym for the Islamic Resistance Movement. It regards the whole of historic Palestine as Islamic land and therefore views the state of Israel as an occupier, though it has offered a 10-year "truce" if Israel withdraws to the lines held before the war of 1967.

It therefore generally justifies any actions against Israel, which has included suicide bombings and rocket attacks, as legitimate resistance.

Specifically in Gaza, it argued that Israel's blockade justified a counter-attack by any means possible.

What casualties have the Hamas rockets caused?

Since 2001, when the rockets were first fired, more than 8,600 have hit southern Israel, nearly 6,000 of them since Israel withdrew from Gaza in August 2005. The rockets have killed 28 people and injured hundreds more. In the Israeli town of Sderot near Gaza, 90% of residents have had a missile exploding in their street or an adjacent one.

The range of the missiles is increasing. The Qassam rocket (named after a Palestinian leader in the 1930s) has a range of about 10km (6 miles) but more advanced missiles, including versions of the old Soviet Grad or Katyusha, possibly smuggled in, have recently hit the Israeli city of Beersheba, 40km (25 miles) from Gaza and brought 800,000 Israelis into range.

Palestinian medical sources say that more than 1,000 people have been killed in Gaza during Israel's military that started on 27 December 2008.

What have been the effects of the Israeli blockade?

They have been severe. Little but humanitarian basics have been allowed into Gaza since Hamas seized power in 2007. Before the Israeli operation began, health, water, sewage and power infrastructure were seriously ailing because of a lack of spare parts. The blockade includes limits on fuel, which have on several occasions forced the power plant that supplies Gaza City to shut down.

A total ban on exports has left the already fragile economy devastated. Unemployment has soared. The United Nations Relief and Works agency (Unrwa) provides basic food aid to about 750,000 people in Gaza, but in the weeks preceding the Israeli operation these were suspended because the UN ran out of food because Israel closed the crossings into Gaza citing security reasons.

Goods ranging from food to missiles have, however, been brought in through smuggling tunnels from Egypt.

What is the history of this small strip of land?

Gaza was part of Palestine when it was administered by Britain in a mandate granted by the League of Nations after World War I. In fighting after Israel declared its independence in large areas of Palestine in 1948, the Egyptians captured the Gaza Strip. Palestinian refugees from the coastal cities to the north took refuge there. They or their descendants still live in UN camps in Gaza. Israel captured it in the war of 1967 and eventually moved about 8,000 settlers there, but all Israeli settlers and soldiers left in 2005.

Gaza has a population of 1.4 million of whom about some three-quarters are registered with the United Nations as refugees. It is 40km (25 miles) long and between six and 12km (4 and 8 miles) wide.

How did Hamas come to control Gaza?

After the Israeli evacuation in August 2005, the Palestinian Authority took control of Gaza. The PA was made up mainly of secular-minded Palestinian nationalists from the Fatah party, which, unlike Hamas, thinks that a final agreement with Israel for a two-state solution - Israel and Palestine - can be made.

In January 2006, Hamas won elections to the Palestinian legislature and formed a government in Gaza and the Palestinian territories on the West Bank. A unity government between Hamas and Fatah was then formed in March 2007 but the Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas, a Fatah leader directly elected in an earlier vote, subsequently dissolved the government.

In June 2007, Hamas, claiming that Fatah forces were trying to launch a coup, took control of Gaza by force, but not the West Bank territories.

Hamas was boycotted by the international community, which demands that it renounce violence and recognise Israel.